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1、ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle interpretation AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR QUALITY P.O. BOX 3005 MILWAUKEE, WI 53201-3005 Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164
2、Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle interpretation Approved as an American National Standard by: NSF International (NSF)
3、American Society for Testing ?the use of an iterative procedure both within the interpretation phase and with the other phases of an LCA or an LCI study; ?the provision of links between LCA and other techniques for environmental management by emphasizing the strengths and limits of an LCA or an LCI
4、study in relation to its goal and scope definition. 4.3Elements of life cycle interpretation The life cycle interpretation phase of an LCA or an LCI study comprises three elements as depicted in Figure 1, as follows: ?identification of the significant issues based on the results of the LCI and LCIA
5、phases of LCA; ?evaluation which considers completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks; ?conclusions, recommendations and reporting. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo reproduc
6、tion or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 3 4.4Relationship The relationship of the interpretation phase to other phases of LCA is shown in Figure 1. The goal and scope definition and interpretation phases of life cycle assessment frame the study, whereas the ot
7、her phases of LCA (LCI and LCIA) produce information on the product system. 5Identification of significant issues 5.1Objective NOTESee clause A.2 in annex A for examples. The objective of this element is to structure the results from the LCI or LCIA phases in order to determine the significant issue
8、s, in accordance with the goal and scope definition and interactively with the evaluation element. The purpose of this interaction is to include the implications of the methods used, assumptions made, etc. in the preceding phases, such as allocation rules, cut-off decisions, selection of impact cate
9、gories, category indicators and models, etc. 5.2Identification and structuring of information There are four types of information required from the findings of the preceding phases of the LCA or the LCI study: a)the findings from the preceding phases (LCI and LCIA), which shall be assembled and stru
10、ctured together with information on data quality. These results should be structured in an appropriate manner, e.g. in accordance with the stages in the life cycle, the different processes or unit operations in the product system, transportation, energy supply and waste management. This may be in th
11、e form of data lists, tables, bar diagrams or other appropriate representation of the inputs and outputs and/or category indicators results. Therefore, all relevant results available at the time will be gathered and consolidated for further analysis; b)methodological choices, such as allocation rule
12、s and product system boundaries from the LCI and category indicators and models used in LCIA; c)the value-choices used in the study as found in the goal and scope definition; d)the role and responsibilities of the different interested parties as found in the goal and scope definition in relation to
13、the application, and also the results from a concurrent critical review process, if conducted. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
14、e from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 4 Figure 1 Relationships of the elements within the interpretation phase with the other phases of LCA Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo reprodu
15、ction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 5 5.3Determining the significant issues When the results from the preceding phases (LCI, LCIA) have been found to meet the demands of the goal and scope of the study, the significance of these results shall then be dete
16、rmined. The results from both the LCI phase and/or LCIA phase are used for this purpose. This should be done as an iterative process with the evaluation element. Significant issues can be: ?inventory data categories, such as energy , emissions, waste, etc.; ?impact categories, such as resource use,
17、Global Warming Potential, etc.; ?essential contributions from life cycle stages to LCI or LCIA results, such as individual unit processes or groups of processes like transportation and energy production. Determining significant issues of a product system can be simple or complex. This International
18、Standard does not provide guidance on why an issue may or may not be relevant in a study, or why an issue may or may not be significant for a product system. A variety of specific approaches, methods and tools are available to identify environmental issues and to determine their significance. 6Evalu
19、ation 6.1Objectives and requirements NOTESee clause A.3 in annex A for examples. The objectives of the evaluation element are to establish and enhance the confidence in and the reliability of the results of the LCA or the LCI study, including the significant issues identified in the first element of
20、 the interpretation. The results should be presented in a manner which gives the commissioner or any other interested party a clear and understandable view of the outcome of the study. The evaluation shall be undertaken in accordance with the goal and scope of the study, and should take into account
21、 the final intended use of the study results. During the evaluation, the use of the following three techniques shall be considered: a)completeness check (see 6.2); b)sensitivity check (see 6.3); c)consistency check (see 6.4). The results of uncertainty analysis and assessment of data quality should
22、supplement these checks. 6.2Completeness check 6.2.1Objective The objective of the completeness check is to ensure that all relevant information and data needed for the interpretation are available and complete. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=H
23、P Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 6 6.2.2Missing or incomplete information If any relevant information is missing or incomplete, the necessity of such information for satisfying th
24、e goal and scope of the LCA or LCI study shall be considered. If this information is considered unnecessary, the reason for this should be recorded, after which it is possible to proceed with the evaluation. If any missing information is considered necessary for determining the significant issues, t
25、he preceding phases (LCI, LCIA) should be revisited, or alternatively the goal and scope definition should be adjusted. This finding and its justification shall be recorded. 6.3Sensitivity check 6.3.1Objective The objective of the sensitivity check is to assess the reliability of the final results a
26、nd conclusions by determining whether they are affected by uncertainties in the data, allocation methods or calculation of category indicator results, etc. This assessment shall include the results of the sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis, if performed in the preceding phases (LCI, LCIA)
27、, and may indicate the need for further sensitivity analysis. 6.3.2Recommendations for conducting a sensitivity check The level of detail required in the sensitivity check depends mainly upon the findings of the inventory analysis and, if conducted, the impact assessment. In a sensitivity check, con
28、sideration shall be given to: a)the issues predetermined by the goal and scope of the LCA or LCI study; b)the results from all other phases of LCA or LCI study and; c)expert judgements and previous experiences. The output of the above sensitivity check determines the need for more extensive and/or p
29、recise sensitivity analysis as well as apparent effects on the study results. The inability of a sensitivity check to find significant differences between different study alternatives does not automatically lead to the conclusion that such differences do not exist. The differences may exist but cann
30、ot be identified or quantified due to uncertainties related to the data and methods used. The lack of any significant differences may be the end result of the study. When an LCA is used to support a comparative assertion that is disclosed to the public, the evaluation element shall include interpret
31、ative statements based on detailed sensitivity analysis. 6.4Consistency check 6.4.1Objective The objective of the consistency check is to determine whether the assumptions, methods and data are consistent with the goal and scope. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license w
32、ith ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 7 6.4.2Checklist If relevant to the LCA or LCI study, or required as part of the goal and scope definition, the following questi
33、ons shall be addressed. ?Are differences in data quality along a product system life cycle and between different product systems consistent with the goal and scope of the study? ?Have the regional and/or temporal differences, if any, been consistently applied? ?Have allocation rules and system bound
34、aries been consistently applied to all product systems? ?Have the elements of impact assessment been consistently applied? 7Conclusions and recommendations 7.1Objective The objective of this third element of the life cycle interpretation is to draw conclusions and make recommendations for the intend
35、ed audience of the LCA or LCI study. 7.2Conclusions Drawing conclusions from a study should be done interactively with the other elements in the life cycle interpretation phase. A logical sequence for the process is as follows: a)identify the significant issues; b)evaluate the methodology and result
36、s for completeness, sensitivity and consistency; c)draw preliminary conclusions and check that these are consistent with the requirements of the goal and scope of the study, including, in particular, data quality requirements, predefined assumptions and values, and application-oriented requirements;
37、 d)if the conclusions are consistent, report as full conclusions. Otherwise return to previous steps a), b) or c) as appropriate. 7.3Recommendations Whenever appropriate to the goal and scope of the study, specific recommendations to decision-makers should be justified. Recommendations shall be base
38、d on the final conclusions of the study, and shall reflect a logical and reasonable consequence of the conclusions. Recommendations should relate to the intended application as mentioned in ISO 14040. 8Reporting The report shall give a complete and unbiased account of the study, as detailed in ISO 1
39、4040. In reporting the interpretation phase, full transparency in terms of value-choices, rationales and expert judgements made shall be strictly observed. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16
40、:01 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 8 9Other investigations 9.1Critical review The decision on the type of critical review shall be recorded. NOTEThe types of critical review are presented in 7.3 of ISO 14040:1997. Where the study is used
41、 to support a comparative assertion that is disclosed to the public, a critical review shall be conducted as presented in 7.3.3 of ISO 14040:1997. Copyright American Society for Quality Provided by IHS under license with ASQ Licensee=HP Monitoring/1111111164 Not for Resale, 04/07/2009 19:16:01 MDTNo
42、 reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ANSI/ISO 14043-2000 9 Annex A (informative) Examples of Life Cycle Interpretation A.1 General This informative annex is intended to provide constructed examples of the elements within the interpretation phase of an LCA or an LCI st
43、udy, in order to help users understand how Life Cycle Interpretation can be processed. A.2 Examples for the identification of significant issues The identification element (see clause 5) is performed in iteration with the evaluation element (see clause 6). It consists of the identification and struc
44、turing of information and the subsequent determination of any significant issues. The structuring of the available data and information is an iterative process undertaken in conjunction with the LCI and, if performed, LCIA phases, as well as with the goal and scope definition. This structuring of in
45、formation may have been completed previously in either the LCI or LCIA, and is intended to provide an overview of the results of these earlier phases. This facilitates the determination of important and environmentally relevant issues, as well as the drawing of conclusions and recommendations. On th
46、e basis of this structuring process, any subsequent determination is performed using analytical techniques. Depending on the goal and scope of the study, different structuring approaches can be useful. Amongst others, the following possible structuring approaches can be recommended for use: ?differe
47、ntiation of individuallife cycle stages; e.g. production of materials, manufacturing of the studied product, use, recycling and waste treatment (see Table A.1); ?differentiation betweengroups of processes, e.g. transportation, energy supply (see Table A.4); ?differentiation between processes under d
48、ifferent degrees ofmanagement influence, e.g. own processes, where changes and improvements can be controlled, and processes which are determined by external responsibility, such as national energy policy, supplier specific boundary conditions etc. (see Table A.5); ?differentiation between the individualunit processes. This is the highest resolution possible. The output of this structuring process may be presented as a two-dimensional matrix in which, for example, the above-mentioned differentiation criteria form the columns and the inventor