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1、1AS 1289.5.8.51998 Australian Standard Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Method 5.8.5: Soil compaction and density testsNuclear surface moisture-density gauges Density of a Type A or Type C standard density block 1SCOPEThis Standard sets out the method for determination of the densit
2、y of a Type A or Type C standard density block to be used in the calibration of nuclear surface moisture-density gauges in accordance with AS 1289.5.8.4. The Type A or Type C standard density blocks are defined in AS 1289.5.8.4. The density is determined by obtaining separately the mass of the block
3、 and the volume of the block either by direct measurement or by displacement of water. Guidance on the number of blocks required for a set of standard density blocks is given in AS 1289.5.8.4. 2REFERENCED DOCUMENTSThe following document is referred to in this Standard: AS 1289Methods of testing soil
4、s for engineering purposes 1289.5.8.4Method 5.8.4 Soil compaction and density testsNuclear surface moisture- density gaugesCalibration using standard blocks 3APPARATUSThe following apparatus shall be used: (a)Standard density block (Type A or Type C), complying with the requirements of AS 1289.5.8.4
5、. (b)Balance, or load cell and load indicator, of sufficient capacity to determine the mass of the block, with a limit of performance not exceeding 200 g. (c)Suitable lifting apparatus. (d)Vernier callipers or micrometers, with an uncertainty of measurement not exceeding 0.1 mm, one of sufficient op
6、ening to span the longest dimension of the block. (e)Steel ruler, of length at least 50 mm, and graduated in 0.5 mm divisions. (f)Straightedge and feeler gauges, or a suitable alternative capable of determining flatness of a plane, with an uncertainty of measurement not exceeding 0.1 mm. (g)Water ba
7、th of about 400 L capacity, filled to about 250 L with potable water. (h)Thermometer, covering a range of 050C, with an uncertainty of measurement not exceeding 0.5C. (i)Other incidental items which become necessary for the determination, such as a balance of about 10 kg capacity, tape, potting clay
8、 or an abrasive stone. NOTE: Mass and volume may be determined using apparatus with uncertainties greater than that specified above, provided that the uncertainty of density of the block, calculated at Clause 5.6, does not exceed the limit specified in AS 1289.5.8.4. COPYRIGHT Accessed by TAFE QUEEN
9、SLAND INSTITUTES on 19 Dec 2007 AS 1289.5.8.519982 4PROCEDURE 4.1GeneralEnsure that the block is clean and dry to constant mass at ambient temperature. 4.2Mass of the blockProceed as follows: (a)Determine the mass of the block (mB1), using either the balance or the load cell and load indicator. (b)R
10、epeat Step (a) twice, to obtain mB2and mB3. (c)Determine the contributions (MP(j) to mass in air, of materials either permanently in the block or necessary for the determination but not part of the known density material. NOTE: Materials permanently in the block, but not part of the known density ma
11、terial may, for metal blocks, include bolts, nuts, bolt holes or end plates, and for natural stone blocks, materials necessary for the determination may include waterproof plastic film, or potting clay. The contributions (MP(j) to mass in air may require calculation from a set of dimensions producin
12、g a volume measurement (VP(j) and a suitable assumption for density of material. These calculations and their assumptions influence the magnitude (normally 0.01) of the uncertainty proportion on MP(j) at Step 5.2. 4.3Volume of the block 4.3.1 Direct measurement of dimensionsIf applicable, proceed as
13、 follows: (a)Determine the flatness of the top, bottom, both side and both end surfaces. If the flatness of any of these surfaces exceeds the relevant requirement of AS 1289.5.8.4, proceed no further with the determination. (b)Measure the length of the block at 10 positions between the ends, four eq
14、ually spaced across both the top and the bottom and one at the midpoint of height of each side. (c)Measure the width of the block at 10 positions between the sides, four equally spaced across both the top and bottom and one at the midpoint of height at each end. (d)Measure the height of the block at
15、 10 positions between the top and bottom, four equally spaced along the length on both sides and one at the midpoint of width at each end. (e)Measure the diameter, in two directions, and the depth of the access hole(s). (f)If applicable, measure the dimensions of any edge or surface irregularity wit
16、h a volume greater than 1 106m3. NOTE: Naturally occurring vesicles in the block surface do not require measurement. 4.3.2 Measurement of volume by water displacementIf applicable, proceed as follows, noting that the detail of the procedure actually followed determines the number of load contributio
17、ns at Step (j). Allowance for these contributions shall be made in the calculations; for example, water permeating the block, or water penetrating any plastic film, or the use of potting clay, or the presence of voids created by sealing the access hole(s). Surface bubbles shall be removed by pre-wet
18、ting or wiping the surface while the block is submerged. The time that the block is submerged while obtaining a stable load reading shall be limited so that water penetration (permeation) is minimal: (a)Allow the temperature of the water bath to stabilize for 2 h. (b)Measure and record the temperatu
19、re (T1) of the water. (c)Set the load indicator system to zero. (d)Suspend the lifting apparatus and record the load indicator reading (mK1). COPYRIGHT Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 19 Dec 2007 3AS 1289.5.8.51998 (e)Submerge the lifting apparatus in the water bath to a known or marked de
20、pth, which will permit the full submersion of the block. Record the load indicator reading (mZ1). Dry the lifting apparatus after removal from the water bath. (f)Suspend the block and record the load indicator reading (mT1). (g)Submerge the block in the water bath, to the same depth as in Step (e).
21、Allow the load indicator reading to stabilize and record the reading (mS1). (h)Raise the block clear of the water and wipe off excess water. Record the load reading (mR1). The difference (mR1 mT1) indicates the amount of water that has penetrated the block. Thedifferenceshallbeevaluatedforitseffecto
22、ntheuncertaintyofthe determination. (i)Repeat Steps (b) to (h) to obtain at least a second set of readings (T2, mK2, mZ2, mR2, mS2, mT2). (j)Determine the load contributions (MQ(j) to mass under water of materials either permanently in the block or necessary for the determination, but not part of th
23、e known density material. (k)Dry the block to constant mass at ambient temperature prior to use in calibration. 5CALCULATIONS 5.1MassCalculate the mass of the block, using the following equation: . . . 5(1) where M= mass of the block, in tonnes mB1, mB2, mB3= masses, in tonnes, determined at Step 4.
24、2 MP(j)= contribution, in air, of material; either permanently in the block or necessary for the determination but not part of the known density material, determined at Clause 4.2(c), in tonnes 5.2Uncertainty of massCalculate the uncertainty of the mass as the variance, using the following equation:
25、 . . . 5(2) where (SM)2= variance of mass M= limit of performance of the load indicating system, in tonnes MP(j)= contribution, in air, of material; either permanently in the block or necessary for the determination but not part of the known density material, determined at Clause 4.2(c), in tonnes 5
26、.3Volume 5.3.1Volume, using direct measurement readingsIf applicable, calculate the following: (a)The mean length, width and height, using the following equations: . . . 5(3) COPYRIGHT Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 19 Dec 2007 AS 1289.5.8.519984 where L, D, H= meanlength,widthandheight,i
27、nmetres,oftheblock, respectively Li, Di, Hi= measurementioflength,widthandheight,inmetres, respectively n= number of measurements (b)The volume of each access hole, using the following equation: . . . 5(4) where VAH= volume of the access hole, in cubic metres d= mean diameter of the access hole, in
28、metres h= depth of the access hole, in metres (c)If applicable, the volume of any surface irregularities (Gi) and the volume of any materials not part of the known density material (VP(j). (d)The volume of the block, using the following equation: . . . 5(5) where V= volume of the block, in cubic met
29、res L, D, H = meanlength,widthandheight,inmetres,oftheblock, respectively VAH= volume of the access hole, in cubic metres Gi= volume of surface irregularity i, in cubic metres VP(j)= contributions to volume in cubic metres of materials either permanently in the block or necessary for the determinati
30、on but not part of the known density material determined at Clause 4.2 5.3.2Volume, using water displacement readingsIf applicable, calculate the following: (a)The mean temperature for the water bath, using the following equation: . . . 5(6) where T=mean temperature of the bath, in C Ti=temperature
31、of the bath, in C, determined at Clause 4.3.2(b) or 4.3.2(i) n=number of measurements Obtain the density of water (Dw) in t/m3, at the mean temperature of the bath, from Table 1. (b)The mass of the block, when suspended in air, using the following equation: . . . 5(7) COPYRIGHT Accessed by TAFE QUEE
32、NSLAND INSTITUTES on 19 Dec 2007 5AS 1289.5.8.51998 where MA= apparent mass of the block, in tonnes, when suspended in air CF= calibration factor for the load indicator to convert load readings to mass mT(i)= load determined at Clause 4.3.2(f) or 4.3.2(i) mK(i)= load for lifting apparatus determined
33、 at Clause 4.3.2(d) or 4.3.2(i) n= number of measurements MP(j)= contribution, in air, of material; either permanently in the block or necessary for the determination but not part of the known density material, determined at Clause 4.2(c), in tonnes TABLE1 DENSITY OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES Ct
34、/m3Ct/m3 150.9991230.9975 160.9989240.9973 170.9988250.9970 180.9986260.9968 190.9984270.9965 200.9982280.9962 210.9980290.9959 220.9978300.9956 (c)The mass of the block, when submerged in water, using the following equation: . . . 5(8) where MW= apparent mass of the block, in tonnes, when submerged
35、 in water CF= calibration factor for the load indicator to convert load readings to mass mS(i)= load indicator readings determined at Clause 4.3.2(g) or 4.3.2(i) mZ(i)= loadindicatorreadingsforliftingapparatusdeterminedat Clause 4.3.2(e) or 4.3.2(i) MQ(j)= contributions, under water, of materials ei
36、ther permanently in the block or necessary for the determination, but not part of the known density material, determined at Clause 4.3.2(j), in tonnes n= number of measurements (d)The volume of the block, equivalent to the volume of water displaced, using the following equation: . . . 5(9) COPYRIGHT
37、 Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 19 Dec 2007 AS 1289.5.8.519986 where V= volume of the block, in cubic metres MA = apparent mass of the block, in tonnes, when suspended in air MW = apparent mass of the block, in tonnes, when submerged in water DW= density of water, in tonnes per cubic metr
38、e, at the mean water temperature of the bath (T), determined in Step (a), from Table 1 5.4Uncertainty of volume 5.4.1Using direct measurement readingsIf applicable, calculate the following: (a)The variance for the length, width and height of the block, using the following equations: . . . 5(10) wher
39、e (SL)2, (SD)2, (SH)2= variance for length, width and height, respectively L, D, H= mean length, width and height, in metres, of the block, respectively Li, Di, Hi= measurement i of length, width and height, in metres, of the block, respectively n= number of measurements (b)The uncertainty for the v
40、olume of the block as the variance, using the following equation: . . . 5(11) where (SV)2= variance for volume L, D, H= mean length, width and height, in metres, of the block, respectively (SL)2, (SD)2, (SH)2= variance for length, width and height, respectively VAH= volume of access hole(s), in cubi
41、c metres Gi= volume of the ith surface irregularity, in cubic metres VP(j)= contributions to volume in cubic metres of materials either permanently in the block or necessary for the determination but not part of the known density material determined at Clause 4.2 5.4.2Using water displacement readin
42、gsIf applicable, calculate the following: (a)The variance for the apparent mass of the block, when suspended in air, using the following equation: . . . 5(12) COPYRIGHT Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTITUTES on 19 Dec 2007 7AS 1289.5.8.51998 where (SMA)2= variance for the apparent mass of the block,
43、 when suspended in air M= limit of performance of the load indicating system, in tonnes MP(j)= contributions, in air, of materials permanently in the block, but not part of the known density material, determined at Clause 4.3.2(j), in tonnes (b)The variance for the apparent mass of the block, when s
44、ubmerged in water, using the following equation: . . . 5(13) where (SMW)2=variance for the apparent mass of the block, when submerged in water M=limit of performance of the load indicating system, in tonnes MQ(j)=contributions, under water, of materials permanently in the block butnotpartoftheknownd
45、ensitymaterial,determinedat Clause 4.3.1(j), in tonnes (c)The uncertainty for the volume of the block as the variance, using the following equation: . . . 5(14) where (SV)2= variance of volume Dw= density of water, in tonnes per cubic metre, at the measured temperature of the bath (T), determined in
46、 Clause 5.3.2(a), from Table 1 (SMA)2= variance for the apparent mass of the block, when suspended in air (SMW)2= variance for the apparent mass of the block, when submerged in water 5.5Density of blockCalculate the density of the block, using the following equation: . . . 5(15) where B = density of
47、 block, in tonnes per cubic metre M= mass of the block, in tonnes V= volume of the block, in cubic metres 5.6Uncertainty for density of blockCalculate the following: (a)The uncertainty for the density of the block, using the following equation: . . . 5(16) COPYRIGHT Accessed by TAFE QUEENSLAND INSTI
48、TUTES on 19 Dec 2007 AS 1289.5.8.519988 where U B = uncertainty for block density, in tonnes per cubic metre (SM)2= variance of mass (SV)2= variance of volume M= mass of the block, in tonnes V= volume of the block, in cubic metres (b)The percentage uncertainty for the density of the block, using the
49、 following equation: . . . 5(17) where %U B = uncertainty for block density, in percent U B = uncertainty for block density, in tonnes per cubic metres B = density of block, in tonnes per cubic metres 6TEST REPORTThe following shall be reported: (a)Identification of the standard density block. (b)Density of the standard density block, in tonnes per cubic metre, to the nearest 0.001 t/m3. (c)The uncertainty for the density, in tonnes per cubic metre, to the nearest 0.001 t/m3 and as a percentage of the block density to the nearest 0.1%. (d)Date of the density de