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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 3424-13:1999 ICS 59.08
2、0.40 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Testing coated fabrics Part 13: Guide to the selection of methods for colour fastness to light testing Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 07:18:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI This British S
3、tandard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 November 1999 BSI 11-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee
4、 reference TCI/78 Draft for comment 98/124301 DC ISBN 0 580 33023 0 BS 3424-13:1999 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee TCI/78, Coated fabrics, upon whi
5、ch the following bodies were represented: British Plastics Federation British Rubber Manufacturers Association Ltd. British Textile Technology Group FIRA International Home Office Made-up Textiles Association Maritime and Coastguard Agency Ministry of Defence RAPRATechnology Ltd. SATRATechnology Cen
6、tre Textile Institute Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 07:18:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 3424-13:1999 BSI 11-1999i Contents Page Committees responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Introduction1 1Scope1 2Normative references1 3Light source1 4Irradiance2 5Hu
7、midity/temperature control2 6Post exposure testing3 7Blue wool standards3 8Instrumental colour assessment4 9Colour vision deficiency4 10Summary of questionnaire results5 11Overall recommendations5 Table 1 Recommended exposure conditions3 BibliographyInside back cover Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheff
8、ieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 07:18:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii BSI 11-1999 BS 3424-13:1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee TCI/78, Coated fabrics, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible
9、national committee any enquirers on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related national developments and promulgate them in the UK. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards
10、are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 7 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displaye
11、d in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 07:18:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 11-19991 BS 3424-13:1999 Introduction This guide is intended to assist in the selection of procedures and apparatus for the c
12、olour fastness testing of coated fabrics to artificial light and also the subsequent physical testing of the coated fabric test specimens. A number of different techniques and methods are available which each have advantages and disadvantages. The guide aims to highlight these and provide sufficient
13、 information so that the best and most appropriate testing can be carried out. The guide has been written after a two stage information gathering process. The first stage was to survey the opinion of European suppliers of coated fabrics as to their testing requirements and current practices. This to
14、ok the form of a questionnaire circulated to over 70 companies (see clause 10). The second stage was to review the current test methods and to summarize and assess them. The ultimate criterion for judging a light fastness test is how the results compare with the real life situation. The purpose of l
15、aboratory testing is to simulate real exposure to light but at an accelerated rate. For each individual material, the end-use may be different, so the recommendations of this guide should be heeded whilst at the same time considering experience of real life situations. Where more quantitative result
16、s are sought, this guide will be particularly useful since it is designed to make the testing procedures as standardized, consistent and repeatable as possible. In the past, BS 3424 has recommended that either BS 1006 or BS 2782 is followed depending on which side of the coated fabric was being test
17、ed. Similarly, this guide makes significant reference to ISO 105. 1 Scope This document describes the factors that need to be considered when assessing the colour fastness of coated fabrics to artificial light and when carrying out post exposure physical testing on the coated fabric test specimen. I
18、t is applicable to all forms of plastic and rubber coated materials. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of this British Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revi
19、sions of, any of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. BS 1006:1990, Methods of test for colour fastness of textiles and leather. BS 2782-5:Method 540D:1995, Methods of testing plastics Part 5: Optical and colour propertie
20、s, weathering Method 540D: Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources. General guidance. BS 2782-5:Method 540E:1995, Methods of testing plastics Part 5: Optical and colour properties, weathering Method 540E: Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources. Xenon-arc sources. BS 2782-5:Method 55
21、2A:1981, Methods of testing plastics Part 5: Optical and colour properties, weathering Method 552A: Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or artificial light. BS EN 20105-A02:1995, Textiles Tests for colour fastness
22、 Part A02: Grey scale for assessing change in colour. ISO 105-B02:1994, Textiles Tests for colour fastness Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light: Xenon arc fading lamp test. 3 Light source 3.1 General When testing colour fastness in general, it is vital that the test environment and conditio
23、ns replicate real life or in-use conditions. Since this guide is concerned with light fastness as opposed to weathering, the light to which the test specimens are exposed should mimic daylight as closely as possible. 3.2 Xenon-arc light Xenon-arc light (with the appropriate filters) is the source wh
24、ich best attains this goal. Over the wavelength range of 300 nm to 800 nm, which includes ultra-violet (UV), visible and infra-red (IR) radiation, the spectrum of filtered xenon light resembles that of sunlight. It may be that UV radiation is the primary cause of material degradation but the tempera
25、ture of the test specimen is also very significant. Consequently the heating effects caused by the IR part of the incident radiation are also vital, especially for coloured test specimens. Although with some types of xenon lamps, the heating effects due to the IR radiation may be greater than those
26、which occur in real life, appropriate filters can minimize this difference. An additional benefit of xenon lamps is that filters can be used whose output mimics that of daylight through window glass, a common in-situ application. The specifications in BS 2782-5:Method 540E:1995, 4.1 regarding the xe
27、non-arc lamp apparatus should be adhered to. 3.3 Filtered mercury vapour lamps Filtered mercury vapour lamps with the addition of metal halide or tungsten are also able to give a similar spectrum to sunlight although the IR portion of its output is slightly lower than for solar radiation. The intens
28、ity of the light is also far lower than for xenon-arc and hence test exposure times will be longer. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 07:18:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 BSI 11-1999 BS 3424-13:1999 3.4 Carbon-arc light sources The light emitted by an arc betwee
29、n carbon electrodes was popular before the advent of xenon-arc light sources but, even with filters, carbon-arc light includes a significant amount of radiation between 350 nm and 450 nm which does not occur in natural daylight. Therefore the use of carbon-arc light sources is not recommended. 3.5 F
30、luorescent UV light sources Fluorescent UV light sources expose samples to the damaging UV portions of sunlight at controlled elevated temperatures. 4 Irradiance Irradiance is defined as the amount of radiation energy incident upon a square metre of material. It is dependent upon the spectrum of the
31、 emitted radiation, the intensity of the radiation, the distance of the test specimen from the energy source and the orientation of the test specimen surface with respect to the incident energy. The international colour committee, CIE, has compiled data which states that over the wavelength range 29
32、0 nm to 800 nm (UV, visible and IR radiation), an irradiance value of 550 W/m2is recommended when simulating solar radiation. When considering irradiance values caution is advised since it is easy to be misled. The energy of a radiation source is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the radia
33、tion (UV radiation is more energetic than IR radiation) so the same intensity of radiation can give different irradiance values depending on the wavelength range over which the measurements are made. The importance of reproducing sunlight has already been emphasized but it is worth reiterating. A ra
34、diometer is a device for measuring irradiance. In the context of the testing apparatus it should be mounted in the same relative position as the test specimen and in the same orientation with respect to the light source. The radiation energy is not evenly distributed over the entire wavelength range
35、. The xenon-arc lamp (when new) should conform to the spectral distribution of UV radiation specified in BS 2782-5:Method 540E:1995, 4.1. NOTE 1 Although the lamps may be manufactured to conform to BS 2782-5:Method 540E:1995, 4.1, there will be significant variation between the spectral distribution
36、s of the lamps. Assuming that real life test experience has shown the need to mimic sunlight as closely as possible, the radiometer should measure over the wavelength range 290 nm to 800 nm and its output should be used to automatically adjust the intensity of the lamp so that an irradiance of 550 W
37、/m2is applied constantly. The lamp burner should be discarded and replaced when this irradiance cannot be achieved. NOTE 2 The output of an adjusted lamp will decrease in intensity over time. ASTM D3424 1 indicates that the average daily dose of radiation energy received in Miami and Arizona is 1 MJ
38、/m2over the range 295 nm to 400 nm. An irradiance of 550 W/m2over the wider range specified earlier is equivalent to 60 W/m2over this narrower range. Correspondingly in 1 h a radiation dose of 220 kJ/m2will be emitted. Therefore the total daily Miami radiation dose will be received by the test speci
39、men in less than 5 h. If it is also assumed that Miami sunshine is four to five times more severe than in Europe, then 1 h exposure at 550 W/m2is equivalent to the average daily dose of radiation energy in typical European sunshine. This is not a very accurate statistic and it should only be conside
40、red as a rule of thumb. More data needs to be collected either by individuals or by the textiles/plastics/rubber industries to relate exposure time in a laboratory test to real life exposure. NOTE 3 UV testing using lamp options span the range 295 nm to 400 nm. 5 Humidity/temperature control It has
41、already been stated that temperature is an important factor in any photochemical reaction that will occur within the test specimen. Humidity is also important, especially for the textile component of the test specimen. In each case, the critical area is at the test specimen itself. The temperature a
42、nd humidity of the test specimen chamber influence the test but any measurements should be focused at the surface of the test specimen. Although the mercury vapour lamp light can be made to resemble that of daylight, the test method which utilizes this light source, BS 1006:1990, Method UK-TN specif
43、ies quite simple apparatus. Some account is made for humidity and temperature control but not to a sufficient level for the method to be regarded as a quantitative test. Indeed the method states that it is intended for use as a quality control test. It is recommended that a red azoic dyed cotton clo
44、th is used to measure the effective humidity, as defined in ISO 105-B02:1994, 4.1.3, and the apparatus adjusted accordingly. There is also a limit as to how accurately the apparatus can control the humidity within the chamber. Utilizing electronic control systems and sensitive water dispersal system
45、s the relative humidity can be maintained at a given level within a2 % range. Using less sophisticated control systems will broaden the range and increase the inaccuracy of the humidity level within the test chamber. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Nov 29 07:18:02 GMT+00:00 2006, Unc
46、ontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BSI 11-19993 BS 3424-13:1999 Table 1 Recommended exposure conditions Exposure conditionEffective humidityBlue wool rating of humidity control fabric Black-standard temperature 8C Europe: extremeLow6 to 7Maximum 65 Europe: normalModerate5Maximum 50 Europe: extremeHigh3Maximum
47、45 AmericaLow6 to 7631 (black-panel) The instrument used to measure the temperature of the test specimen is significant. Ideally, the temperature at the surface of the specimen would be measured directly but in reality the best that can be achieved is to position a measurement device so that it is e
48、xposed to the light source in the same manner as the test specimen. Two types of thermometer are commonly used in light fastness equipment: a black-standard and a black-panel thermometer. Differences in design means that typically the black-panel temperature indicated is significantly less than the
49、black-standard temperature. Black-standard devices approximate the temperature of dark test specimens which have a low thermal conductivity. Since coated fabrics are poor conductors of heat, it is recommended that a black-standard thermometer is used. In order to make the temperature measurement more applicable to a range of coloured test specimens, a white-standard thermometer should also be used. Both the black-standard and white-standard thermometers are described in BS 2782-5:Method 540D. The commonly used ASTM G26 2 recommends a black-pane