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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 2144:1997 Paper, board and pulps Determination of residue (ash) on ignition at 900 C ICS 85.060 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2144:1997 This British Standard, having been prepared under the di
2、rection of the Sector Committee for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 November 1998 BSI 05-1999 ISBN 0 580 30734 4 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 2144 and implements it as the UK national
3、 standard. It supersedes BS 3631:1984 (1994) which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PAI/11, Methods of test for paper, board and pulps, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible internat
4、ional/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its se
5、cretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standa
6、rds Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of page
7、s This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the ISO title page, page ii, pages 1 to 3 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front
8、cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2144:1997 BSI 05-1999i Contents Page National forewordInside front cover Forewordii Introduction1 1Scope1 2Normative refer
9、ences1 3Definition1 4Principle1 5Apparatus1 6Sampling and preparation of sample2 7Procedure2 8Expression of results2 9Precision2 10Test report3 Table 12 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii blank Licensed Copy: sheffieldun shef
10、fieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2144:1997 ii BSI 05-1999 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fede
11、ration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that commi
12、ttee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the te
13、chnical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 2144 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
14、 Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2144:1987), of which it constitutes a technical revision. Descriptors: Paper, paperboards, tests, combustion analysis, ash determination. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffield
15、un, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2144:1997 BSI 05-19991 Introduction This International Standard, the fourth edition of ISO 2144, differs from the third edition (ISO 2144:1987) in several respects. The title has been changed from “Paper and board Determin
16、ation of ash” to “Paper, board and pulps Determination of residue (ash) on ignition at 900 C”. The scope has been widened from “paper and board” to include pulp as well. Although the wording has been revised, the principle of determination has not been changed. The magnitude of the residue on igniti
17、on is related to, but not equal to, the content of mineral constituents in the sample. For coated and filled products, the amount of added mineral constituents can only be calculated from the result if the loss on ignition of the particular pigment used is known. This value varies from one pigment t
18、o another, and also between different batches of the same pigment. For china clay the residue on ignition at 900 C varies from 89 % to 86 % and for calcium carbonate it is about 56 %. If lower ignition temperatures are used, the corresponding figures will increase but there is no guarantee that they
19、 will become exactly 100 % at any temperature. For pulps and other materials without any added minerals, the residue on ignition is a measure of the amount of unwanted mineral constituents, such as silica, silicates, particles of minerals, etc. Some soluble inorganic constituents, such as sodium chl
20、oride, will escape the determination whereas sulfates normally will be retained. The determination is mainly used as a screening test for checking the overall quality of a product, in many cases against specifications. The ignition procedure described can be used as a preliminary step when determini
21、ng particular mineral constituents. NOTEDetermination of residue on ignition at 575 C of pulps is described in ISO 1762:1974, Pulps Determination of ash. 1 Scope This International Standard describes the determination of the residue on ignition of pulps, papers and boards. The standard is applicable
22、 to all types of pulp, paper and board. The lower limit of the determination is about 0,2 %. NOTEThe procedure (clause 7) requires that at least 10 mg of residue is weighed. The limit stated above corresponds to a 5 g sample. If the sample size is increased, this limit can be lowered. 2 Normative re
23、ferences The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International
24、 Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 186:1994, Paper and board Sampling to determine average quality. ISO 287:1985, Pape
25、r and board Determination of moisture content Oven-drying method. ISO 638:1978, Pulps Determination of dry matter content. ISO 7213:1981, Pulps Sampling for testing. 3 Definition For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definition applies. 3.1 residue on ignition the mass of th
26、e residue left after incineration of a sample of pulp, paper and board in a furnace at 900 C 25 C by the procedure specified in this International Standard NOTEThis property has been referred to as “ash content”, for example in earlier editions of this International Standard. 4 Principle The sample
27、is weighed in a heat-resistant dish and incinerated at 900 C 25 C in a muffle furnace. The mass of the residue is determined by weighing the dish after the incineration of the sample. 5 Apparatus Ordinary laboratory equipment, including: 5.1 Dishes of platinum, ceramics or silica, of capacity to acc
28、ommodate about 10 g of sample. (Normally a capacity of 50 ml is sufficient.) The dishes shall not lose or gain mass on ignition or react chemically with the sample or its ignition residue. 5.2 Muffle furnace, capable of maintaining a temperature of 900 C 25 C. The furnace is preferably placed in a h
29、ood or it is provided with means for evacuating smoke and fumes. 5.3 Analytical balance, accurate to 0,1 mg. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2144:1997 2 BSI 05-1999 6 Sampling and preparation of sample If possible, tak
30、e the sample as described in ISO 186 or ISO 7213, as relevant. 7 Procedure Carry out the procedure in duplicate. Record all weighings to the nearest 0,1 mg. Allow wet samples to dry under dust-free conditions in the laboratory air. Determine the moisture content on a separate sample (air-dry) by the
31、 procedure described in ISO 287 or ISO 638, as relevant. Weigh this sample at the same time as the sample (air-dry) used for incineration. The portions to be incinerated shall consist of a number of small pieces, of size no larger than 1 cm2, of a total mass of not less than 1 g or sufficient to giv
32、e a residue on ignition of not less than 10 mg, taken from various parts of the sample in such a manner as to be thoroughly representative of it. If the sample has a very low residue on ignition (for example in the case of so-called ash-less qualities) take a sample portion of sufficient mass to yie
33、ld at least 2 mg of residue. In these cases, it may be necessary to divide the sample into two or several smaller portions which are incinerated consecutively in the same dish. Heat the dish (5.1) without any sample, for 30 min to 60 min in the muffle furnace (5.2) at 900 C 25 C. Allow it to cool to
34、 room temperature in a desiccator. Weigh the empty dish. Add the appropriate amount of sample and weigh immediately again. Heat the dish slowly, preferably in such a manner that the sample burns without bursting into flames. Check that no material is lost in the form of flying particles. NOTE 1The p
35、rocedure for this step depends on the equipment available. Some muffle furnaces have a door that, when open, forms a horizontal platform in front of the entrance. This platform and similar devices can be used when burning off the organic material in the sample. When the combustion is complete or nea
36、rly complete, so that only small amounts of carbon are visible, expose the dish to the full heat (900 C 25 C) of the furnace for 1 h. NOTE 2Do not prolong the heating period and do not attempt to reach “constant mass”. Some constituents may lose mass slowly over a long period of time. Remove the dis
37、h from the furnace and allow it to attain room temperature in a desiccator. Weigh the dish as before. 8 Expression of results For each dish calculate the residue on ignition from the expression where Check that there is a reasonable agreement between the two duplicates and report the mean as a perce
38、ntage. Round off the result to the nearest 0,1 %. NOTENormally, a reasonable agreement is considered to exist if the range of results from parallel determinations is less than 5 % of the mean. 9 Precision In an interlaboratory study conducted by CTS (Collaborative Testing Services, Inc.) 12 laborato
39、ries determined the residue on ignition (ash) as instructed in this International Standard. Six samples were analysed in duplicate by each of the laboratories. After having rejected a few obvious outliers, the data in Table 1 were calculated. All data are expressed as percentage residue. Table 1 Xis
40、 the residue on ignition, as a percentage on oven-dry basis; ais the mass of the residue (the mass of the dish with the residue, minus that of the empty dish), in grams; mis the mass of the sample, on oven-dry basis, in grams. X 100a m -= SampleMean value Standard deviation within laboratory Standar
41、d deviation between laboratories Kraft softwood pulp Kraft hardwood pulp Uncoated paper with CaCO3 Uncoated paper without CaCO3 Coated paper without CaCO3 Coated paper with CaC03 0,1 0,5 8,3 8,8 21,2 28,2 0,01 0,01 0,08 0,05 0,15 0,15 0,07 0,11 0,46 0,10 0,26 0,24 Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffiel
42、dun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS ISO 2144:1997 BSI 05-19993 10 Test report The test report shall include the following particulars: a) reference to this International Standard; b) date and place of testing; c) complete identification of the samples tested; d
43、) the result, expressed as indicated in clause 8; e) any departure from the procedure described in this International Standard or any other circumstances which may have affected the result. Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Mon Nov 27 08:21:46 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS
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