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1、CIE 55 83 9006145 O002374 398 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE 1 $CLAIRAGE INTERNA TIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION INTERNA TIONALE BEL EUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION DISCOMFORT GLARE IN THE INTERIOR WORKING ENVIRONMENT PUBLICATION CIE No 55 (TC-3.4) 1983 COM M IS SI ON I NT ERN AT1 ON A LE D E L CLAI RAG E 52, B
2、OULEVARD MALESHERBES 75008 PARIS - FRANCE Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:15:39 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This rep
3、ort has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 3.4 Discomfort Glare. It has been approved by the majority of the Technical Committee and is recommended for study and application. This report is not an Officially Agreed CIE Recommendation approved by the National Committees of the Member Countries
4、of the CIE. It should be noted that any recommendations in this report are advisory and not mandatory. The latest CIE Proceedings or CIE Journal should be consulted regarding the current status of this report and possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport a t prpar par le Comit Technique 3.4 blouiss
5、ement inconfortable de la CIE. I1 a t approuv par la majorit du Comit Technique et il est recommand pour tude et application. Ce rapport nest pas une Recommandation officielle de la CIE, approuve par les Comits Nationaux des Pays Mem- bres de la CIE. I1 doit tre not que toute recommandation y figura
6、nt est donne titre de conseil et non dobligation. En ce qui concerne la situation prsente de ce Rapport et dventuelles modifications, il faut consulter le plus rcent Compte Rendu de Session ou Journal de la CIE. Dieser Bericht wurde vom Technischen-Komitee 3.4 Psychologische Blendung der CIE erarbei
7、tet. Er wurde durch die Mehrheit des Technischen Komitees gebilligt und wird zum Studium und zur Anwendung empfoh- len. Dieser Bericht ist keine offiziell anerkannte CIE-Empfehlung, der die Nationalen Komitees der Mit- gliedslnder der CIE zugestimmt haben. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, da jede Empfehlu
8、ng in diesem Bericht als Anleitung dient und nicht verbindlich ist. Was den gegenwrtigen Status dieses Berichtes und mgliche Nachfolge-Ausgaben angeht, ziehe man die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das CIE-Journal zu Rate. Copyright : Commission Internationale de lclairage 1983 ISBN 92-9034-055-X
9、- II - Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:15:39 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 55 83 OObL45 000237b LbO FOREWORD The e
10、xistence of discomfort glare in interior lighting cannot be ignored, nor the problem under-estimated in terms of loss of visual efficiency. For as the 1976 Australian Code says so succinctly : “Experience has shown that when inefficiency, eye-fatigue, spoilt work or accidents are blamed on the light
11、- ing installation, failure to meet one or more of the quality recommendations is usually the true cause of the trouble.” The limitation of discomfort glare is one of the major quality aspects of any lighting installation. Following the 12th Session of the CIE, held in Stockholm in 195 1, Committee
12、E3.1.1.2. Estimation of Com- fort in Lighting was formed and the secretariat allocated to Australia. Here, a small committee chaired by Mr. W.I. Stewart, prepared a long and detailed report for the CIE 13th Session at Zurich in 1955. Amongst other things, this report referred to a pioneer luminance
13、limit system (evolved by Lowson and Dresler from the Harrison-Meaker Glare Index system) then in preparation for the Australian 1957 Lighting Code and a formula, proposed by the National Illumination Committee of Great Britain, for a “glare constant” develo- ped at the Building Research Station in E
14、ngland. The Report concluded with a formal proposal, “that the CIE should undertake preparation of International Tables for the evaluation of direct discomfort glare from lighting fittings”. The Committee also tried to establish some definition of “comfort in lighting” and found this a very diffi- c
15、ult task. There was considerable division of opinion amongst the Committee as to whether “comfort” can be defined in terms of “absence of comfort”, or whether the positive aspects of comfort should also be con- sidered. Because of the difficulty in resolving this dilemma, the Committee suggested a t
16、wofold approach to the problem : (u) to pursue a study of the fundamentals of the aesthetic, psychological and physiological aspects of glare (6) at the same time develop a method of evaluation and control which would be internationally acceptable. These proposals were well received at Zurich, and i
17、t was agreed they should be followed up. This task was undertaken by Dr S.K. Guth, and the Secretariat was re-allocated to the USA, where it remained for the next four quadrennia. During this period, not much progress was made with objective a). To quote from the Secretariat report for Vienna (1963)
18、, “The physiological basis of discomfort glare has not been given as much attention as it deserv- es. What has been done by several investigators appears to be rather conflicting.” Again, the Washington (1967) report stated, “In comparison with the period before 1963, there were perhaps fewer truly
19、fundamen- tal investigations . many papers dealt with analyses and computational procedures and thus were aimed towards developing discomfort glare evaluation systems. On the other hand, Dr Guth was able to make much progress with objective b), and by 1971 had fully developed his Visual Comfort Prob
20、ability (VCP) method, now officially adopted in North America. In the meantime, however, other countries had been studying the same problem and other new national systems had emerged independently, notably the British Glare Index system (1961) based on research by Dr R.G. Hopkinson, the German lumin
21、ance limiting system (1965) of Dr H. Bodmann and Dr G. Sllner, the Russian system of Yepaneshnikov and in Czechoslovakia of Netusil. For this reason, when the Discomfort Glare Secretariat returned to Australia after the 1971 Session in Barcelona, the first objective was to study the existing systems
22、 and try to combine the best points of each into a single universally acceptable system. Much work was done on this project, but whilst a universally accepted, self-contained, CIE method is a desi- rable objective, it seems difficult to realize. Those countries which have incorporated a glare limiti
23、ng system into their quality of lighting recommenda- tions have, in general, either adopted a method developed in that country or adopted from a country for which there is some national or cultural sympathy. Once the method has been formally adopted, it is invar- iably embodied into a national light
24、ing code or even legislation. Thus the multiplicity of methods combined with national preference have made it difficult to obtain agreement on a universal self contained CIE method. and - III - Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Empl
25、oyees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:15:39 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 55 83 9006145 0002377 UT7 M At the CIE 18th Session, in London (1975), it was therefore decided that the committee should turn its atten- tion to the pr
26、oduction of a computerisable glare formula incorporating the known facts, and leave each country free to produce its own system of rules for its national code and other purposes. Dr H.D. Einhorn of South Africa undertook to draft such a formula. During the 1975-1979 quadrennium the major task of the
27、 Committee was towards the continuing study of the various national glare evaluation systems and the development of a comprehensive computer based glare formula and the production of this Technical Report. At the Intersessional Meeting, held in London in April 1978, Dr Einhorn unveiled his proposed
28、CIE Glare Index formula. It was considered that the glare index formula has a marked advantage over other systems, in that it can be applied to a wider range of installa- tions than any simplified system because it specifically includes all the major parameters of the installation. The purpose of th
29、is Technical Report is to affirm what is the “state of the art” regarding the control of dis- comfort glare from ceiling mounted artificial lighting luminaires. Although the Report does suggest that the Einhorn formula can be used for large area sources, it should not be interpreted as being suitabl
30、e for assess- ing glare from windows. It includes a discussion of accepted basic principles; a description of the currently recognized systems and Dr Einhorns proposed computer based mathematical model. In addition there are several appendices which cover such matters as existing national systems; c
31、omparison of research work; determination of relevant parameters; methods of transforming glare numbers and a comprehensive biblio- graphy. Appendix C deals in some detail with determination of average luminance of a luminaire. This matter was discussed at considerable length at both the Intersessio
32、nal Meeting in London in March 1974 and again at the Presessional Meeting to the CIE 18th Session, 1975. There was general agreement that division of inten- sity by projected area seems satisfactory in principle, even when the luminaire has a non-uniform luminance in a specific direction. The major
33、problem has been to establish what parts to include in the projected area of the luminaire, when large sections of the latter have a very low luminance. Nevertheless, this method does appear to give reasonable representation of the “effective” source luminance for the installation. It is generally a
34、cknowledged that in a modern industrial society there is a need to limit discomfort glare. This requires quantitative rules. However as glare is essentially a psychological phenomena, the question aris- es, which set of rules? Obviously any system must conform to the fundamental requirements of givi
35、ng results which are in accordance with actual observation; sufficient precision to distinguish between different installations and be easy to apply in every day practice. Likewise it is generally accepted that the major “sim- ple” systems do conform to these criteria. However each system does have
36、its critics and their arguments are well documented in the various national technical journals. It is the opinion of the Committee that it is not the function of this report to criticize the various systems, but rather to make known the salient features of each system in such a manner that any count
37、ry wishing to incorporate a glare limitation system into a nation- al code, may adopt the system which is most appropriate to current practice in that country. - IV - Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee
38、, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:15:39 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 55 83 . I 9006145 0002378 T33 Members of Technical Committee 3.4 K. POULTON W. EGGER M. DE CLERCQ G. DIKANAVAROV W. ADRIAN H. J. JACOBSEN E. KASURINEN P. CHAUVEL A. STOCKMAR E. RO
39、WLANDS E. GELLERI L.R. RONCHI H. MANABE J. VERMEULEN J. BAK R.P. CARDOSO E. SUFRIM H. EINHORN J. ARIAS H.A. LOFBERG J. McNELIS G.N. UNDASYNOV v. TRNOK R. BJGRKLUND Australia, Chairman Austria Belgium Bulgaria Canada Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany, Federal Republic Great Britain Hungar
40、y Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rumania South Africa Spain Sweden USA USSR - v - Copyright International Commission on Illumination Provided by IHS under license with CIELicensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=leee, leee Not for Resale, 11/24/2007 08:15:39 MSTNo reproduction or netw
41、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- CIE 55 83 aSi 9006345 O002379 7 T SUMMARY This report is firstly a state of the art review of discomfort glare in the interior working environment. Secondly, it propos- es a CIE mathematical model, or system, for the prediction of discomfort glare from
42、 lighting installations. The first part of the report contains a review of basic principles, of methods of glare control and of glare prediction systems used in various countries. The second part contains a critical review of research and of major current prediction systems. This leads to the propos
43、ed CIE system, into which current knowledge has been assimilated as far as possible. Whilst the report is not intended to be the final statement on the subject, there has been considerable research in recent times such that it is considered desirable by the CIE that this report be published. It will
44、 assist countries in revising their established systems and assist countries which have not yet adopted a particular system. The report should also assist lighting students and others associated with lighting, such as architects and consultants, in understanding the phenome- non of discomfort glare
45、and its control. RSUM En premier lieu, ce rapport fait le point sur la question de lblouissement inconfortable considr comme facteur de lenvironnement des personnes travaillant lintrieur. De plus, ce rapport propose un modle ou systme mathmatique CIE pour la prvision de lblouissement inconfortable p
46、rovoqu par les installations dclairage. La premire partie du rapport comporte une revue : des principes de base, des methodes de limitation de lblouissement et des systmes de pr- vision de lblouissement, mis en uvre dans diffrents pays. La seconde partie constitue un examen critique des recher- ches
47、 et des principaux systmes de prvision couramment utiliss. Ceci conduit au systme CIE propos, dans lequel les connaissances classiques ont t, autant que possible, prises en compte. Quoique ce rapport ne constitue pas un tat final de la question, il a t jug souhaitable par la CIE de le publier en rai
48、son du travail de recherche considrable effectu rcemment. I1 aidera les divers pays soit rviser les sytmes quils utilisent, soit en tablir un sils nen possdent pas. Ce rapport pourra aussi servir aux tudiants et autres personnes sintressant lclairage, telles que architectes et ingnieurs conseil, en leur permettant de comprendre le phnomttne de Iblouisse- ment inconfortable et la manire de le limiter. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Bericht ist in erster Linie ein berblick ber den derzeitigen Wissensstand auf dem Gebiet der Psychologischen Blendung im Bereich