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1、U S S R S T A T E S T A N D A R D OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY STANDARDS SYSTEM INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT GENERAL ERGONOMIC REQUIREMENTS GOST 12.2.049-80 Official Edition USSR STATE COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDS M o s c o w DEVELOPED BY THE All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, USSR Ministry of Health, USSR State
2、Committee for Science and Engineering USSR State committee for Labor and Social Problems USSR State Committee for Standards Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR DEVELOPERS L. P. Bobrova-Golikova, Cand. Sci. (Med.); O. M. Maltseva, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); R. Z. Pozdnyakova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); A. P. K
3、upchin; N. A. Kokhanova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); V. K. Oshe; I. G. Baron, Cand. Sci. (Med.); Sh. L. Zlotnik, Cand. Sci. (Tech.); T. Ye. Sazonova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); L. A. Korotkaya, Cand. Sci. (Med.) (Project Heads); Yu. V. Moikin, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); A. N. Strokina, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); V. M. Makarova;
4、 T. A. Kurganova; T. p. Maksimova; E. F. Shardakova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.); V. V. Elizarova; V. I. Danilyak, Cand. Sci. (Tech.); A. I. Tikhvinsky; V. B. Okhlyand; M. P. Shapiro SUBMITTED by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions A. P. Semenov, Deputy head of the Labor Safety Department APPROVED
5、AND INTRODUCED by Decree No. 3679, dated July 17, 1980, of the USSR State Committee for Standards -,-,- UDC 331.015.11:006.354*URXS#L8; U S S R S T A T E S T A N D A R D Occupational safety standards system INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT General ergonomic requirements GOST 12.2.049-80 By Decree No. 3679, date
6、d July 17, 1980, of the USSR State Committee for Standards, the date of introduction is established from 01.01.82 This Standard applies to newly-designed and upgraded industrial equipment used in all industries of the national economy, and specifies general ergonomic requirements for it. This Standa
7、rd does not apply to vehicles or industrial equipment moving during operation. The terms applied in this Standard are in accordance with GOST 16035-70, GOST 21033-75, GOST 21034-75 and GOST 12.0.002-74. 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1. The ergonomic requirements for industrial equipment establish its comp
8、liance with anthropometric, physiological, psycho-physiological and psychological properties of a human operator, and hygienic requirements ensured by these properties, with the purpose of the preservation of health and the achievement of high labor efficiency. 1.2. The ergonomic requirements for in
9、dustrial equipment shall be specified for those components associated with a human operator during their performance of labor operations in the process of operation, maintenance, repair, transportation and storage of industrial equipment. 1.3. When specifying the ergonomic requirements for industria
10、l equipment, it is necessary to consider the equipment integrally with the technological and, if necessary, organizational facilities. Official EditionReprinting is prohibited # Standards Publishing House, 1980 p. 2 GOST 12.2.049-80 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2.1. Levels of physical, chemical and biolo
11、gical hazardous and harmful production factors generated by industrial equipment in a work area, as well as affecting a human operator in immediate contact with structural elements, shall meet safety requirements set forth by the specifications and technical documentation, approved in accordance wit
12、h the established procedure. 2.2. Special technical and sanitary facilities (guards, screens, ventilators, etc.), incorporated in the design of industrial equipment and providing for elimination or lowering of levels of hazardous and harmful production factors to permissible values shall not hamper
13、the performance of labor operations. 2.3. If necessary, the design of industrial equipment shall provide for the possibility of convenience of performance of labor operations with the application of means of individual protection. 2.4. The design of industrial equipment shall provide for the optimal
14、 distribution of functions between the human operator and industrial equipment with the purpose of safety, limitation of gravity and labor stress, as well as high performance of operation of “human operator-industrial equipment” systems. 2.5. The design of all units of industrial equipment with whic
15、h the human operator has immediate contact during labor activity shall meet operators anthropometric features. Statistical characteristics of the basic anthropometric attributes are given in Appendix 1 (Reference). 2.6. The design of industrial equipment shall provide for such physical load onto the
16、 operator, so that the energy consumption of organism during working shift does not exceed 1.046.7 kJ/hr (250 kcal/hour). 2.7. The design of industrial equipment shall provide for the possibility of organization of labor process excluding monotonic labor operations, by limiting frequency of repetiti
17、on of simple labor operations and duration of continuous passive monitoring of the production process or its part. 2.8. The industrial equipment with group workstations and the preassigned speed of transfer of a worked item from one workstation to another (likewise the conveyor lines) shall provide
18、for the possibility of altering the speed of performance of labor operations according to the dynamics of the work capacity of the human operator during the shift and the features of labor operations within 20 % of the given velocity, if, according to the technology requirements, the speed should no
19、t be constant. 2.9. The industrial equipment shall meet the requirements of industrial aesthetics. Signal colors and safety marks shall be in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76. -,-,- GOST 12.2.049-80 p. 3 3. WORKPLACE REQUIREMENTS 3.1. The workstation shall provide for the convenient performance of o
20、perations in a sitting or standing position, or in both the sitting and the standing positions. When selecting the position of the operator it is necessary to take into account: physical intensity of operations; dimensions of the work area and necessity of the operators movement within the work area
21、 during performance of operations; technological features of the process of performance of operations (required accuracy of operations, type of alternating of passive observation and physical operations regarding time, necessity of making records, etc.). 3.2. During the performance of operations in
22、a sitting position the workstation shall meet the requirements of GOST 12.2.032-78, whereas in a standing position it shall meet the requirement of GOST 12.2.033-78. 3.3. At a height of a working surface and dimensions of a motor field appropriate to a workstation during performance of operations in
23、 a standing position, if the production process does not require constant operators movement and the physical heaviness of operations allows the operator to perform them in a sitting position, then it is necessary to include in the design of the workstation a seat and foot support, as well as to pro
24、vide in the design of the industrial equipment for foot room permitting the operator to perform operations at an elevated position of the operator. Height of the seat surface seat with respect to the floor, dimensions of the foot support and foot room are given in Appendix 2 (Recommended). 4. REQUIR
25、EMENTS FOR CONTROLS 4.1. The design of controls shall take into account the following: required precision and speed of movements while controlling, as well as frequency of usage of controls; permissible dynamic and static stresses on the locomotor apparatus of the human operator; the anthropometric
26、characteristics of the locomotor apparatus of the human operator; the necessity for the fast recognition of controls, making and improving controlling skills. p. 4 GOST 12.2.049-80 4.2. When designing controls and their disposition in the motor area of the workstation, the following physiological fe
27、atures of the locomotor apparatus of the human operator shall be taken into account: arm travel velocity is higher when moving “inwards,” and is lower when moving “outwards”; travel velocity of the right arm is higher when moving from the left to the right, whereas for the left arm it is higher when
28、 moving from the right to the left; linear velocity of rotary motions of arms is higher than velocity of translational motions; velocity of smooth curvilinear motions of arms is higher than velocity of straight-line motions of hand with jogging; accuracy of arm motions is higher in a sitting positio
29、n, and is lower in a standing position; accuracy of arm motions is higher at small (up to 10 N) stresses; accuracy of motions made by fingers of hands is higher than that by the hand; the maximum accuracy of motions made by fingers of hands is achieved in a horizontal plane in a position of arms ben
30、t in an elbow joint at 50 to 60 and in a shoulder joint at 30 to 40; maximum stress generated by the right (working) hand by 10 to 15 % higher than maximum stress generated by the left hand; pressure and drag stresses generated by arms when moving in front of the corpus are higher than when moving a
31、rms sidewise; maximum stresses generated by foot in a sitting position, is achieved, if the angle between the shin and thigh is 95 to 120; maximum stress generated by a moving leg is achieved in a sitting position with a back support available; velocity and frequency of motions made by foot is highe
32、r in a sitting position than in a standing position. 4.3. Stresses required to perform control operations shall be established with the due account of the controls moving method (by fingers, hand and forearm, all arm, foot, etc.), frequency of use and, in some cases with the account of duration of c
33、ontinuous effect onto controls, velocity of control operation and position of the human operator when controlling. An example of dependence of permissible stresses of rotation of a flywheel with handle against control method, velocity and time of rotation is given in Appendix 3 (Reference). GOST 12.
34、2.049-80 p. 5 4.4. Places of possible contact by the operators arms and legs with controls shall be made of non-toxic, or, if necessary, of low-conductivity and electric insulating materials. 4.5. The shape and dimensions of the control actuators shall provide for a reliable hand grip and prevent fo
35、ot slipping-off. 4.6. To define the functionality of controls, it is necessary to use notes and/or symbols located on structural elements of the workstation in immediate proximity to the controls or on their actuators. 4.7. Controls shall be coded with a shape, color, dimension or other types of cod
36、e or alphabet, or their combinations. 4.8. Foot controls shall be used in case it is necessary to off-load hands for the performance of control operations requiring small accuracy. Permissible conditions of pressing on a pedal are given in Appendix 4 (Recommended). 4.9. The dimensions, shape and ped
37、al travel shall be determined with regards to the features of the industrial equipment of the specific type; with foot control the pedal travel shall not exceed 80 mm and the width of the bearing area shall be not less than 60 mm. 5. REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA DISPLAYING MEANS 5.1. Coding of data display
38、ing means shall be in accordance with GOST 21829-76. 5.2. Readouts of visual indicators shall be in accordance with GOST 22902-78. 5.3. Digital and sign-generating electroluminescent indicators shall meet the requirements of GOST 21837-76. 5.4. Mnemonic panel design shall meet the requirements of GO
39、ST 21480-76. 5.5. Acoustic indicators shall be used when the visual channel is overloaded with information, in conditions of limited visibility, vast space expansion or monotonous activity. 5.6. Acoustic indicators of non-voice messages used for making alarm and warning signals (bells, buzzers, ratt
40、lers, horns, audio signal generators and others) shall meet the requirements of GOST 21786-76. p. 6 GOST 12.2.049-80 5.7. Acoustic indicators of spoken messages shall be used when fast two-way data exchange is required, in intense situations of operation or when the identification of non-speech code
41、 is difficult. The sound reach of means of a system of spoken messages shall provide for quality speech link. In noisy conditions the energy level of speech reproduction shall exceed the noise level by no less than 10 dB. 6. MONITORING OF CONFORMITY WITH ERGONOMIC REQUIREMENTS 6.1. Monitoring of con
42、formity with ergonomic requirements shall be carried out during the designing of industrial equipment, its manufacture, operation and repair stages. 6.2. Monitoring during the manufacturing, operation and repair stages shall be carried out at facilities complying with the specifications of their man
43、ufacture and fully completed with means of technological equipment, in modes of operation and in conditions stipulated by the specifications and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure. 6.3. Scope and frequency of control of conformity with ergonomic requirement
44、s during the designing of industrial equipment, its manufacture, operation and repair stages shall be specified by the specifications and technical documentation on standardization approved in accordance with the established procedure, and on industrial equipment of the specific kind (type, group).
45、6.4. Monitoring of conformity with the ergonomic requirements shall be carried out by design, tool and expert methods. 6.5. Monitoring of the values of stresses applied to controls shall provide for an accuracy of measuring not less than 10 %. _ APPENDIX 1 (Reference) STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
46、BASIC ANTHROPOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES OF A HUMAN OPERATOR 1. Statistical characteristics of anthropometric attributes of men (table 1) and women (table 2) are given for five percentiles of three groups of population: A population with low values of longitudinal attributes; B population with average values
47、 of longitudinal attributes; C population with high values of longitudinal attributes. N o t e . The percentile shall be in accordance with GOST 21889-76. 2. Figs. 1 and 2 show the plan of anthropometric attributes of a human operator in a standing and sitting position. The numbers on the drawings c
48、orrespond to sequential numbers of attributes in tables 1 and 2. GOST 12.2.049-80 p. 7 Plan of anthropometric attributes of a human operators body in a standing position Fig. 1 p. 8 GOST 12.2.049-80 Schematic of anthropometric attributes of a human operators body in a sitting position Fig. 2 T a b l
49、 e 1 Attribute value, cm, corresponding to percentile Attribute Population Group 15509599 Standing position A155.70159.32167.69176.06179.69 B157.73161.40172.29183.18186.85 1. Height of apical point with respect to the floor (body length, height) is the vertical distance from the floor to the apical point on the head (the most protruding upward point of the head) C163.25167.21176.79186.35190.31 -,-,- GOST 12.2.049-80 p. 9 Table 1 (c