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1、IEEE Std 1410-2004 (Revision of IEEE Std 1410-1997) IEEE Standards 1410 TM IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA IEEE Power Engineering Society Sponsored by the Transmission and Distribution Commit
2、tee IEEE Standards 12 July 2004 Print: SH95218 PDF: SS95218 Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted witho
3、ut license from IHS -,-,- Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 12 July 20
4、04. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. NOTEAttention is called to the possib
5、ility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the exist- ence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying pat
6、ents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal valid- ity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA T
7、echnical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. iii Introduction (This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1410-2004, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Perfor
8、mance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines.) Lightning is a major cause of faults on typical overhead distribution lines. These faults may cause momen- tary or permanent interruptions on distribution circuits. Power-quality concerns have created more interest in lightning, and improved ligh
9、tning protection of overhead distribution lines against faults is being consid- ered as a way of reducing the number of momentary interruptions and voltage sags. Lightning usually causes temporary faults on overhead distribution lines. If the fault is cleared by a breaker or a recloser, the circuit
10、may be successfully reclosed. In the past, this was acceptablebut now with the proliferation of sensitive loads, momentary interruptions are a major concern. Lightning may also cause permanent faults. From 510% of lightning-caused faults are thought to cause permanent damage to equipment (EPRI Proje
11、ct 2542-1 B31 a recorded 9%). Temporary faults may also cause permanent interruptions if the fault is cleared by a one-shot protective device, such as a fuse. Estimates of the lightning performance of distribution lines contain many uncertainties. Some of the basics, such as lightning intensity meas
12、ured by ground flash density (GFD) or estimating the number of direct strikes to a distribution line, may have significant errors. Often, rough estimates or generally accepted prac- tices are just as effective as detailed calculations. This guide is intended to provide straightforward estimates of l
13、ightning-caused faults. The goal of this guide is to provide estimates of lightning-caused faults and the effectiveness of various improvement options. Estimates using this guide may be used to compare improved lightning protection with other methods of improving system reliability and power quality
14、, such as tree trimming programs, or improved protection schemes, such as the use of additional reclosers or sectionalizers. This guide should also be beneficial in evaluating design standards. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of sub
15、ject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required by
16、to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/
17、errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. a The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex C. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standa
18、rds 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- iv Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ inde
19、x.html. Participants At the time this guide was prepared, the Working Group on the Lightning Performance of Distribution Lines had the following membership: John S. McDaniel, Chair Monica Aguado Luz Aleman Ronald H. Ammon John G. Anderson Amedeo Andreotti Gregory Ardrey Philip Barker Kurt Bell E. M.
20、 Berckmiller Alberto Borghetti Steve Brewer James Burke Greg Chapman William Chisholm Pritindra Chowdhuri Enrico Cinieri M. G. Comber Maria Teresa Correia De Barros Ken Cummins Francisco C. De la Rosa Carlo Donati R. Clay Doyle Ed Dziedzic Gary Engmann David L. Flaten Manuel M. Gonzalez Mike Grogan
21、Stan Grzybowski Stan Harper Roder Hedding Richard W. Hensel Chris Hickman Masaru Ishii Kent C. Jaffa W. Janischewskyj John Kappenman George G. Karaday Mort Khodaie Joseph L. Koepfinger Duilio Moreira Leite Vito Longo Dan Maltempi Juan A. Martinez-Velasco Michael Marz Keene Matsuda Tom McDermott Robe
22、rt E. Moore Randy Newman David Nichols Carlo Alberto Nucci Mario Paolone Dan J. Pearson Lisandra Perez Georgij Podporkin Farhad Rachidi Vladimir A. Rakov E. Ray Ross, Jr. Thomas J. Rozek Joseph M. Santuk Tewfik Schehade Tom A. Short Ken Shortt Mohamed H. Shwehdi Leroy S. Taylor Carlos Tirado Reigh A
23、. Walling Daniel J. Ward Cheryl A. Warren Lee Welch Charles W. Williams Jonathan J. Woodworth Wayne N. Zessin Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:4
24、7 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. v The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board
25、 approved this guide on 9 February 2004, it had the following membership: Don Wright, Chair Steve M. Mills, Vice Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Re
26、presentative Alan Cookson, NIST Representative Savoula Amanatidis IEEE Standards Managing Editor William Ackerman Gregory Ardrey Kraig Bader Anthony Baker Edward Bertolini Nelson Bingel Stuart Bouchey James Bouford Joseph Buch Giuseppe Carbone William Chisholm Pritindra Chowdhuri Michael Clodfelder
27、Terry Conrad Tommy Cooper Ronald Daubert Byron Davenport Frank Denbrock J. Frederick Doering Randall Dotson Robert Doyle Marcia Eblen Amir El-Sheikh Gary Engmann Clifford Erven Marcel Fortin Fredric Friend Keith Frost Manuel M. Gonzalez Charles W. Grose Randall Groves Erik Guillot Jeffrey Hartenberg
28、er Richard Hensel Edward Horgan, Jr. David Jackson George G. Karady Gael R. Kennedy Henry Kientz Robert Kluge David Krause Stephen R. Lambert Dennis Lenk Michael Marz Thomas McCaffrey John S. McDaniel Tom McDermott Mark McGranaghan Peter Meyer Gary Michel David Mitchell Hideki Motoyama Abdul M. Mous
29、a Arun Narang Robert Oswald Paulette Payne Michael Pehosh Carlos Peixoto Thomas Pekarek Robert Peters Percy E. Pool Douglas Proctor Joseph Renowden Thomas J. Rozek James Ruggieri John Rumble Surya Santoso Neil Schmidt Kenneth Sedziol Devki Sharma Tom A. Short James Smith Keith Stump Joseph Tumidajsk
30、i Reigh A. Walling Daniel J. Ward Cheryl A. Warren Lee Welch Charles W. Williams James Wilson Jonathan J. Woodworth Luis Zambrano Chuck Adams H. Stephen Berger Mark D. Bowman Joseph A. Bruder Bob Davis Roberto de Boisson Julian Forster* Arnold M. Greenspan Mark S. Halpin Raymond Hapeman Richard J. H
31、olleman Richard H. Hulett Lowell G. Johnson Joseph L. Koepfinger* Hermann Koch Thomas J. McGean Daleep C. Mohla Paul Nikolich T. W. Olsen Ronald C. Petersen Gary S. Robinson Frank Stone Malcolm V. Thaden Doug Topping Joe D. Watson Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
32、 Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- vi Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1.Overview 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose. 1 2.Referen
33、ces 1 3.Definitions 2 4.Lightning parameters. 3 4.1 Lightning incidence . 3 4.2 Electrical characteristics of lightning. 6 5.Lightning performance of overhead distribution lines.8 5.1 Lightning strokes to overhead lines. 8 5.2 Induced-voltage flashovers 10 6.Distribution-line insulation level. 12 6.
34、1 CFO voltage of combined insulation. 13 6.2 Determining the CFO voltage of structures with series insulation 13 6.3 Practical considerations . 16 6.4 Arc-quenching capability of wood. 17 6.5 Wood damage caused by lightning 18 7.Shield-wire protection of distribution lines. 19 7.1 Shielding angle. 1
35、9 7.2 Insulation requirements 20 7.3 Effect of grounding and insulation level20 7.4 Distribution underbuild 20 7.5 Shield wires and arresters 21 8.Arrester protection of lines 21 8.1 Arrester lead length considerations 22 8.2 Flashovers from nearby strikes 22 8.3 Flashovers from direct strokes. 23 A
36、nnex A (informative) Examples of guide usage 24 Annex B (informative) Technical modeling and assumptions 29 Annex C (informative) Bibliography. 38 Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/99725450
37、01 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines 1. Overview This design guide contains informa
38、tion on methods to improve the lightning performance of overhead distribution lines and is written for the distribution-line designer. This guide recognizes that a perfect line design does not exist and that a series of compromises are made in any distribution-line design. While some parameters such
39、 as voltage, routing, and capacity may be predetermined, other decisions are made at the discretion of the designer. The designer may exercise control over structure material and geometry, shielding (if any), amount of insulation, grounding, and placement of arresters. This guide will help the distr
40、ibution-line designer optimize the line design in light of cost-benefit considerations. 1.1 Scope This guide will identify factors that contribute to lightning-caused faults on overhead distribution lines and suggest improvements to existing and new constructions. This guide is limited to the protec
41、tion of distribution-line insulation for system voltages 69 kV and below. Equipment protection considerations are covered in IEEE Std C62.22 -1997. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to present options for reducing lightning-caused flashovers on overhead distribution lines. 2. References This
42、guide shall be used in conjunction with the following standard. When the following standard is superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply. Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEELicensee=NASA Technical Standards
43、1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/25/2007 02:54:47 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IEEE Std 1410-2004IEEE GUIDE FOR IMPROVING THE LIGHTNING PERFORMANCE OF 2 Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C62.22-1997, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal
44、-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating- Current Systems. 1,2 3. Definitions 3.1 back flashover (lightning): A flashover of insulation resulting from a lightning stroke to part of a net- work or electric installation that is normally at ground potential. 3.2 basic impulse insulation level (BIL) (rate
45、d impulse withstand voltage) (surge arresters): A reference impulse insulation strength expressed in terms of the crest value of withstand voltage of a standard full-impulse voltage wave. 3.3 critical impulse flashover voltage (CFO) (insulators): The crest value of the impulse wave that, under speci
46、fied conditions, causes flashover through the surrounding medium on 50% of the applications. 3.4 direct strike: A lightning stroke direct to any part of a network or electric installation. 3.5 distribution line: Electric power lines that distribute power from a main source substation to consum- ers,
47、 usually at a voltage of 34.5 kV or less. NOTEThis guide applies only for voltages 69 kV and below. 3 3.6 flashover (general): A disruptive discharge through air around, or over, the surface of solid or liquid insulation, between parts of different potential or polarity, produced by the application
48、of voltage wherein the breakdown path becomes sufficiently ionized to maintain an electrical arc. 3.7 ground electrode: A conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with the ground for the pur- pose of providing a connection with the ground. 3.8 ground flash density (GFD) ( N g ): The aver
49、age number of lightning flashes per unit area per unit time at a particular location. 3.9 guy insulator: An insulating element, generally of elongated form with transverse holes or slots for the purpose of insulating two sections of a guy or to provide insulation between structure and anchor, and also