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1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 14852:1999 TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1 Published 2005-05-01 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION M W A P O f l H A R OPTAHHIHR no CTAHflAPTHIAUHH ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
2、in an aqueous medium - Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1 valuation de la biodgradabilit arobie ultime des matriaux plastiques en milieu aqueux - Mthode par analyse du dioxyde de carbone libr RECTIFICATIF TECHNIQUE I Technical Corrigendum 1 to IS0 14852:1999 was pre
3、pared by Technical Committee ISOTC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties. Page 7, Subclause 8.3 In line 2 of the Note following the second paragraph, replace “1 0-6 by “I O3 to 106”. ICs 83.080.01 Ref. No. IS0 14852:1999/Cor.l:2005(E) O IS0 2005 -All rights reserved Published
4、 in Switzerland Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 1485
5、2 First edit ion 1999-05-1 5 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide valuation de la biodgradabilit arobie ultime des matriaux plastiques en milieu aqueux - Mthode par analyse du dioxyde de carbon
6、e libr Reference number IS0 14852:1999(E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 1
7、4852:1999(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject
8、for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) o
9、n all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard
10、 IS0 14852 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties. Annexes A to E of this International Standard are for information only. o IS01999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no pari of this publication may be reproduced or uti
11、lized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-I211 Genve 20 Switzerland Internet isoiso.ch Printed in Switzerland II Copyright Inte
12、rnational Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- o IS0 IS0 14852:1999(E) Introduction With the increasing use
13、of plastics, their recovery and disposal have become a major issue. As a first priority, recovery should be promoted. Complete recovery of plastics, however, is difficult. For example, plastic litter, which comes mainly from consumers, is difficult to recover completely. Additional examples of plast
14、ics which are difficult to recover are fishing tackle, agricultural mulches and water-soluble polymers. These plastic materials tend to leak from closed waste-management cycles into the environment. Biodegradable plastics are now emerging as one of the options available to solve such environmental p
15、roblems. Plastic materials, such as products or packaging, which are sent to composting facilities should be potentially biodegradable. Therefore it is very important to determine the potential biodegradability of such materials and to obtain an indication of their biodegradability in natural enviro
16、nments. . 111 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organizat
17、ion for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD o IS0 IS0 14852:1999(E) Determination of the u It i mate
18、aerobic biodeg rada bi I ity of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide WARNING - Sewage, activated sludge, soil and compost may contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Therefore appropriate precautions should be taken when handling them. Toxic test co
19、mpounds and those whose properties are unknown should be handled with care. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method, by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved, for the determination of the degree of aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials, including those containing form
20、ulation additives. The test material is exposed in a synthetic medium under laboratory conditions to an inoculum from activated sludge, compost or soil. If an unadapted activated sludge is used as the inoculum, the test simulates the biodegradation processes which occur in a natural aqueous environm
21、ent; if a mixed or pre-exposed inoculum is used, the method can be used to investigate the potential biodegradability of a test material. The conditions used in this International Standard do not necessarily correspond to the optimum conditions allowing maximum biodegradation to occur, but the stand
22、ard is designed to determine the potential biodegradability of plastic materials or give an indication of their biodegradability in natural environments. The method enables the assessment of the biodegradability to be improved by calculating a carbon balance (optional, see annex C). The method appli
23、es to the following materials: - Natural and/or synthetic polymers, copolymers or mixtures thereof. - Plastic materials which contain additives such as plasticizers, colorants or other compounds. - Water-soluble polymers. - Materials which, under the test conditions, do not inhibit the microorganism
24、s present in the inoculum. Inhibitory effects can be determined using an inhibition control or by another appropriate method (see e.g. IS0 819212). If the test material is inhibitory to the inoculum, a lower test concentration, another inoculum or a pre-exposed inoculum can be used. 2 Normative refe
25、rences The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International S
26、tandard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 8245:1999, Water quality - Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (
27、TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 1 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0
28、14852:1999(E) o IS0 IS0 9439:-l), Water quality - Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium - Carbon dioxide.evolution test. IS0 10634:1995, Water quality - Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subse
29、quent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium. ISO/TR 15462: 1997, Water quality - Selection of tests for biodegradability. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 ultimate aerobic biodegradation the breakdown of an organi
30、c compound by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts of any other elements present (mineralization) plus new biomass 3.2 activated sludge biomass produced in the aerobic treatment of waste water by the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in the
31、presence of dissolved oxygen 3.3 concentration of suspended solids in an activated sludge the amount of solids obtained by filtration or centrifugation of a known volume of activated sludge and drying at about 105 “C to constant mass 3.4 dissolved inorganic carbon DIC that part of the inorganic carb
32、on in water which cannot be removed by specified phase separation, for example by centrifugation at 40 O00 m.s2 for 15 min or by membrane filtration using membranes with pores of 0,2 pm to 0,45 pm diameter 3.5 theoretical amount of evolved carbon dioxide ThCO, the maximum theoretical amount of carbo
33、n dioxide evolved after completely oxidizing a chemical compound, calculated from the molecular formula and expressed as milligrams of carbon dioxide evolved per milligram or gram of test compound 3.6 total organic carbon TOC all the carbon present in organic matter which is dissolved or suspended i
34、n water 3.7 dissolved organic carbon DOC that part of the organic carbon in water which cannot be removed by specified phase separation, for example by centrifugation at 40 O00 m s 2 for 15 min or by membrane filtration using membranes with pores of 0,2 pm to 0,45 pm diameter To be published. (Revis
35、ion of IS0 9439:1990) 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- o IS0 IS0 14852:1999(E)
36、 3.8 lag phase the time, measured in days, from the start of a test until adaptation and/or selection of the degrading microorganisms is achieved and the degree of biodegradation of a chemical compound or organic matter has increased to about 10 % of the maximum level of biodegradation 3.9 maximum l
37、evel of biodegradation the degree of biodegradation, measured in per cent, of a chemical compound or organic matter in a test, above which no further biodegradation takes place during the test 3.10 biodegradation phase the time, measured in days, from the end of the lag phase of a test until about 9
38、0 % of the maximum level of biodegradation has been reached 3.1 1 plateau phase the time, measured in days, from the end of the biodegradation phase until the end of a test 3.12 pre-exposu re the pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, wit
39、h the aim of enhancing the ability of the inoculum to biodegrade the test material by adaptation and/or selection of the microorganisms 3.13 pre-conditioning the pre-incubation of an inoculum under the conditions of the subsequent test in the absence of the chemical compound or organic matter under
40、test, with the aim of improving the test by acclimatization of the microorganisms to the test conditions 4 Principle The biodegradability of a plastic material is determined using aerobic microorganisms in an aqueous system. The test mixture contains an inorganic medium, the organic test material (t
41、he sole source of carbon and energy) with a concentration between 100 mg/l and 2 O00 mg/l of organic carbon, and activated sludge or a suspension of active soil or compost as the inoculum. The mixture is agitated in test flasks and aerated with carbon-dioxide-free air over a period of time depending
42、 on the biodegradation kinetics, but not exceeding 6 months. The carbon dioxide evolved during the microbial degradation is determined by a suitable analytical method, examples of which are given in annexes A and B. The level of biodegradation is determined by comparing the amount of carbon dioxide
43、evolved with the theoretical amount (ThCO,) and expressed in per cent. The test result is the maximum level of biodegradation, determined from the plateau phase of the biodegradation curve. Optionally, a carbon balance may be calculated to give additional information on the biodegradation (see annex
44、 C). Unlike IS0 9439, which is used for a variety of organic compounds, this International Standard is specially designed for the determination of the biodegradability of plastic materials. The special requirements necessary affect the choice of the inoculum and the test medium, and there is the pos
45、sibility of improving the evaluation of the biodegradability by calculating a carbon balance. 5 Test environment Incubation shall take place in the dark or in diffuse light in an enclosure which is free from vapours inhibitory to microorganisms and which is maintained at a constant temperature, pref
46、erably between 20 O C and 25 O C , to an accuracy o f f 1 O C , or at any other appropriate temperature depending on the inoculum used and the environment to be assessed. NOTE With a compost inoculum, higher temperatures may be appropriate. 3 Copyright International Organization for Standardization
47、Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 21:19:25 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- IS0 14852:1999(E) o IS0 6 Reagents Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade. 6.1 Distilled or de
48、ionized water, free of toxic substances (copper in particular) and containing less than 2 mg/l of DOC. 6.2 Test medium. Depending on the purpose of the test, different test media may be used. For example, if simulating a natural environment use the standard test medium (6.2.1). If a test material is used at higher concentrations, use the optimized test medium (6.2.2) with higher buffering capacity and nutrient concentrations. 6.2.1 Standard test medium 6.2.1 .I Solution A Dissolve anhydrous potassium dihydrogen phosph