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1、A Reference number ISO 14917:1999(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14917 First edition 1999-08-01 Thermal spraying Terminology, classification Projection thermique Terminologie, classification ISO 14917:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
2、 reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 Switzerland Internetisoiso.ch Printed in Switzerland
3、ii Contents Page 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Term and definition .1 4 Process variations.2 5 General terms.8 6 Thermal spraying equipment, terms9 7 Properties of thermal sprayed deposits, terms9 8 Master chart of themal spraying processes10 Keyword index 11 -,-,- ISOISO 14917:1999(E) iii Fore
4、word ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a techn
5、ical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
6、electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requi
7、res approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International standard, ISO 14917, was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (as EN 657) and was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatin
8、gs in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies. -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISOISO 14917:1999(E) 1 Thermal spraying Terminology, classification 1 Scope This International Standard defines processes and general terms for thermal spraying. It classifies thermal spraying processes according
9、 to type of spray material, to type of operation and to type of energy carrier. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
10、revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document listed below. For undated references, the latest editions of the norma
11、tive documents referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 6507-1:1997, Metallic materials Vickers hardness test Part 1: Test method. ISO 6507-2:1997, Metallic materials Vickers hardness test Part 2: Verification of testing machines.
12、 ISO 6508:1986, Metallic materials Hardness test Rockwell test (scales A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - K). ISO 14916:1999, Thermal spraying Determination of tensile adhesive strength. 3 Term and definition For the purposes of this standard the following definition applies. 3.1 thermal spraying proce
13、sses in which surfacing materials are heated to the plastic or molten state, inside or outside of the spraying gun/torch, and then propelled on to a prepared surface. The substrate remains unfused NOTE 1Spray coatings can be applied by thermal spraying of material in its liquid or plastic pasty stat
14、e. NOTE 2To obtain specific properties of the deposit, a subsequent thermal, mechanical or sealing treatment may be used. ISO 14917:1999(E) ISO 2 4 Process variations 4.1 Classification according to the type of spray material Distinction of the following variations: wire spraying; rod spraying; cord
15、 spraying; powder spraying; molten bath spraying. 4.2 Classification according to the operation 4.2.1 Manual spraying All operations typical of the spraying process are manual. 4.2.2 Mechanized spraying All operations typical of the spraying process are mechanized. 4.2.3 Automatic spraying All opera
16、tions typical of the spraying process are fully mechanized including all handling, e.g., workpiece loading and unloading, and are integrated in a programmed system. 4.3 Classification according to the energy carrier 4.3.1 Molten-bath spraying A surfacing material is heated to the molten state, in mo
17、st cases in a reservoir, and propelled on to the prepared substrate by a preheated atomizing gas, e.g., compressed air. See Figure 1. Key 1 Molten metal 2 Gas inlet 3 Resistance heating 4 Atomizing gas 5 Spray stream 6 Spray deposit 7 Substrate Figure 1 Molten-bath spraying -,-,- ISOISO 14917:1999(E
18、) 3 4.3.2 Flame spraying Flame spraying is a process in which a surfacing material is heated in an oxyfuel gas flame and then propelled in atomized form on to a substrate. The material may be initially in the form of powder, rod, cord or wire. The hot material is projected on to the substrate by the
19、 oxyfuel gas jet alone or with the additional aid of an atomizing gas, e.g., compressed air. 4.3.2.1 Wire flame spraying In wire flame spraying, the metal wire to be deposited is supplied to the gun continuously. It is heated to the molten state by the oxyfuel gas flame and propelled on to the prepa
20、red substrate surface by the additional aid of an atomizing gas, e.g., compressed air. See Figure 2. Key 1 Gas mixture5 Substrate 2 Compressed air6 Adjustable wire feed mechanism 3 Spray stream7 Spray wire 4 Spray deposit8 Melting wire tip Figure 2 Wire flame spraying The fuel gases predominantly us
21、ed are, e.g., acetylene, propane and hydrogen. Variations are rod flame spraying where cut lengths of material rod are used, and cord flame spraying where cords of surfacing material are used. 4.3.2.2 Powder flame spraying With this method, the material to be sprayed is supplied to the gun in powder
22、 form and heated to the plastic or molten state in the oxyfuel gas flame. It is propelled on to the prepared substrate by the expanding fuel gases. In some cases, an additional gas jet may be used to accelerate the powder particles. See Figure 3. Key 1 Carrier gas5 Flame 2 Powder inlet6 Spray deposi
23、t 3 Spray stream7 Substrate 4 Gas mixture Figure 3 Powder flame spraying -,-,- ISO 14917:1999(E) ISO 4 4.3.3 High velocity flame spraying In high velocity flame spraying, continuous combustion is obtained in a combustion chamber. The high pressure generated in the chamber, in conjunction with an exp
24、anding nozzle at the chamber outlet, produce a particularly high velocity of flow in the gas jet. Material is fed into the high velocity gas stream, ensuring a rapid acceleration of the particles. See Figure 4. Key 1 Fuel gas4 Spray deposit 2 Oxygen5 Spray stream 3 Powder and carrier gas6 Parent met
25、al NOTE Blowpipe nozzle with or without water cooling. Figure 4 High velocity flame spraying Fuel gases, such as acetylene, propane, propylene, methylacetylene-propadiene, and hydrogen may be used, and liquid fuels, such as diesel or kerosene, may also be used. 4.3.4 Detonation spraying In detonatio
26、n spraying, the gun contains a chamber into which are injected certain quantities of a powder. The gas mixture in the chamber is detonated at controlled intervals. This creates a hot, high velocity gas stream that heats the powder to its plastic or molten state and accelerates the particles as they
27、leave the gun barrel. The so-called detonation gun consists of the barrel and the gun chamber. The injected gas and powder mixture are detonated by an electric spark. The resulting shock wave generated in the barrel accelerates the particles, which are further heated in the flame front and are prope
28、lled in a directed jet on to the prepared substrate. Nitrogen is used to flush clean the gun chamber and barrel after every detonation. See Figure 5. Key 1 Powder inlet6 Nitrogen gas 2 Ignition7 Acetylene 3 Gun barrel8 Oxygen 4 Spray stream9 Substrate 5 Spray deposit Figure 5 Detonation spraying -,-
29、,- ISOISO 14917:1999(E) 5 4.3.5 Arc spraying Arc spraying utilizes an electric arc between two wires to melt their tips; the wires may be of identical or dissimilar composition. A jet or jets of gas, normally compressed air, atomizes the molten metal and projects the particles on to the prepared sub
30、strate. See figure 6. Key 1 Adjustable wire feed mechanism5 Spray stream 2 Spray wire6 Wire tips melting in the arc 3 Contact tubes7 Spray deposit 4 Atomizing gas8 Substrate Figure 6 Arc spraying 4.3.6 Plasma spraying 4.3.6.1 Plasma spraying in air In plasma spraying in the atmosphere, a plasma jet
31、is used to heat the spray material to its plastic or molten state and project it on to the prepared surface of the substrate. The powder may be injected by means of carrying gas into the plasma jet inside (internal feed) or outside (external feed) the nozzle. The plasma is produced by an arc establi
32、shed between the electrode (cathode) and the nozzle (anode) (partial or complete ionization of the plasma gases), and the high velocity of the plasma jet emerging from the nozzle is generated by the thermal expansion of the gases. The plasma gases commonly used are argon, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen
33、or mixtures of these gases. See Figure 7. Key 1 Cooling water4 Powder inlet7 Plasma flame 2 Plasma gas5 Spray stream8 Spray stream 3 Cathode6 Anode9 Substrate Figure 7 Plasma spraying in air ISO 14917:1999(E) ISO 6 4.3.6.2 Plasma spraying in chambers Plasma spraying is done in a sealed chamber conta
34、ining a defined gas atmospere. The plasma gases commonly used are argon, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen or mixtures of these gases. Manipulation of torch and workpiece is done via suitable handling systems. Powder is continuously fed into the torch from external feeder units suitable for the specified c
35、onditions. See Figure 8. Key 1 Chamber4 Powder feeder 2 Pump5 Workpiece holder 3 Plasma gun Figure 8 Plasma spraying in a chamber Vacuum plasma spraying is a special case where the pressure in the chamber is reduced. Plasma spraying in chambers may also be done at elevated pressure. In the chamber,
36、when the atmosphere is controlled, a substrate and deposit cooling system by jets of liquid gas sprayed in the form of fine droplets may, also, be combined. 4.3.6.3 Liquid-stabilized plasma spraying In liquid-stabilized plasma spraying, the plasma gas is generated from liquids, e.g., water, ethanol
37、or methanol. Between a graphite cathode and a rotating, water-cooled anode, an arc is established. The liquid is introduced into the chamber with a swirling motion to stabilize the arc and produce the plasma jet. The continuously regenerated sheath of liquid provides thermal, as well as electrical,
38、insulation against the chamber wall and, at the same time, serves as a coolant. Some part of the stabilizing liquid evaporates and the high temperatures present in the chamber provide its dissociation and ionisation. The spray material is introduced into the high velocity plasma jet outside the nozz
39、le, heated to the plastic or molten state and projected onto the prepared substrate. See figure 9. -,-,- ISOISO 14917:1999(E) 7 Key 1 Cathode5 Spray deposit 2 Liquid inlet6 Anode 3 Powder inlet7 Plasma 4 Spray stream8 Substrate Figure 9 Liquid-stabilised plasma spraying 4.3.7 Laser spraying The proc
40、ess of laser spraying is characterized by the injection of a powder in the laser beam using a suitable powder nozzle. The laser radiation melts the powder. The spray particles are projected to the substrate by the carrier gas and by gravity. The deposit may be protected by a shielding gas. See Figur
41、e 10. Key 1 Powder4 Spray stream 2 Laser beam5 Spray deposit 3 Shielding gas6 Parent metal Figure 10 Laser spraying ISO 14917:1999(E) ISO 8 5 General terms 5.1 Spray gun Unit with which the sraying material is heated to the plastic or molten state, accelerated and projected on to the prepared substr
42、ate surface. 5.2 Spray material Coating material for thermal spraying initially different in form and/or composition to suit the employed process variation and type of application. 5.3 Spray deposit Spray material as deposited. 5.4 Carrier gas Carrying gas for the injection of spray material in powd
43、er form into the hot gas stream or flame. 5.5 Atomizing gas Gas for the atomization and acceleration of molten spray material in wire, rod or cord form. 5.6 Propellant gas Gas utilized to accelerate or spray particles. 5.7 Spray distance Distance between the nozzle face and the workpiece surface. 5.
44、8 Spray angle The angle between the centre of the spray stream and the workpiece surface. 5.9 Masking Protective measure for areas of a workpiece that are not to be coated. 5.10 Spray particles Plastic or molten particles that emerge from the spray gun. 5.11 Spray losses Total loss of spray material
45、 resulting from evaporation, burn-off, projection outside the intended substrate area, and rebound, i.e., material not contributing to producing the desired deposit. 5.12 Spray efficiency Ratio of total weight of spray deposit to total weight of spray material applied. 5.13 Sprayed coating Deposit a
46、pplied by thermal spraying. 5.14 Thermal treatment Controlled heat treatment before, during and/or after the thermal spraying operation. ISOISO 14917:1999(E) 9 5.15 Fusing of sprayed deposits Heating of sprayed deposits to temperatures in the melting range to obtain a homogeneous deposit, diffusion
47、bonded within itself and with substrate, typically applied to self-fluxing alloys. 5.16 Spray stream The stream of spray paticles emerging from the spray gun. 5.17 Unmelted particles Particles entrained in the deposit which have not been heated sufficiently to deform at the substrate. 6 Thermal spra
48、ying equipment, terms 6.1 Spray nozzle The spray nozzle is that part of the spray gun that contains the outlet opening for the spray stream. 6.2 Supplementary nozzle Supplementary nozzles are designed for controlled configuration and direction of the spray stream. They can be designed as broad spray nozzles or for cooling purposes. 6.3 Contact tube The contact tube is an electrically conductive part (electrical conduit) of the nozzle system of an arc spray gun to which wires ar