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1、Reference number Numro de rfrence ISO/IEC 2382-18:1999(E/F) ISO/IEC 1999 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO/IEC 2382-18 First edition Premire dition 1999-11-01 Information technology Vocabulary Part 18: Distributed data processing Technologies de linformation Vocabulaire Partie 18: Info
2、rmatique rpartie Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18
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9、tion de ce fichier par les comits membres de lISO. Dans le cas peu probable o surviendrait un problme dutilisation, veuillez en informer le Secrtariat central ladresse donne ci-dessous. ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or uti
10、lized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. / Droits de reproduction rservs. Sauf prescription diffrente, aucune partie de ce
11、tte publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord crit de lISO ladresse ci-aprs ou du comit membre de lISO dans le pays du demandeur. ISO copyright office Case postale
12、56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland/Imprim en Suisse ii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Lic
13、ensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18:1999(E/F) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservsiii Contents Page Foreword v Introduction. vii Section
14、 1: General 1.1Scope1 1.2Normative references .1 1.3Principles and rules followed2 1.3.1Definition of an entry2 1.3.2Organization of an entry.2 1.3.3Classification of entries3 1.3.4Selection of terms and wording of definitions 3 1.3.5Multiple meanings3 1.3.6Abbreviations.3 1.3.7Use of parentheses3 1
15、.3.8Use of brackets4 1.3.9Use of terms printed in italic typeface in definitions and the use of an asterisk4 1.3.10Spelling4 1.3.11Organization of the alphabetical index.4 Section 2: Terms and definitions 18 Distributed data processing5 18.01General concepts.5 18.02Network elements and components 7
16、18.03Network topology.10 18.04Network architecture12 18.05Network functions and applications .13 Figure 1The 7-layer OSI Reference Model .14 Figure 2Network components.14 Figure 3Examples of networks15 Alphabetical indexes English16 French18 Copyright International Organization for Standardization P
17、rovided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18:1999(E/F) iv ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs Sommaire
18、Page Avant-proposvi Introduction.viii Section 1: Gnralits 1.1Domaine dapplication.1 1.2Rfrences normatives.1 1.3Principes dtablissement et rgles suivies 2 1.3.1Dfinition de larticle.2 1.3.2Constitution dun article2 1.3.3Classification des articles 3 1.3.4Choix des termes et des dfinitions.3 1.3.5Plu
19、ralit de sens ou polysmie3 1.3.6Abrviations.3 1.3.7Emploi des parenthses 3 1.3.8Emploi des crochets.4 1.3.9Emploi dans les dfinitions de termes imprims en caractres italiques et de lastrisque4 1.3.10Mode dcriture et orthographe4 1.3.11Constitution de lindex alphabtique 4 Section 2: Termes et dfiniti
20、ons 18 Informatique rpartie.5 18.01Notions gnrales5 18.02lments et composants dun rseau7 18.03Topologie des rseaux.10 18.04Architecture des rseaux.12 18.05Fonctions et applications des rseaux.13 Figure 1Modle de rfrence OSI 7 couches 14 Figure 2Composants dun rseau.14 Figure 3Exemples de rseaux.15 I
21、ndex alphabtiques Anglais16 Franais18 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
22、-,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18:1999(E/F) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservsv Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)andIEC(theInternational Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or
23、IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, go
24、vernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IE
25、C JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. InternationalStandardISO/IEC 2382-18waspreparedbyJointTechn
26、icalCommittee ISO/IEC JTC 1,Information technology, Subcommittee SC 1,Vocabulary. This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 2382-18:1987, which has been technically revised. ISO/IEC 2382 will consist of some 37 parts, under the general titleInformation technology Vocabulary. Copyright Internationa
27、l Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18:1999(E/F) vi ISO/IEC 1999 All rights r
28、eserved/Tous droits rservs Avant-propos LISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) et la CEI (Commission lectrotechnique internationale) forment le systme spcialis de la normalisation mondiale. Les organismes nationaux membres de lISO ou de la CEI participent au dveloppement de Normes inter
29、nationales par lintermdiaire des comits techniques crs par lorganisation concerne afin de soccuper des domaines particuliers de lactivit technique. Les comits techniques de lISO et de la CEI collaborent dans des domaines dintrt commun. Dautres organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non g
30、ouvernementales, en liaison avec lISO et la CEI participent galement aux travaux. Les Normes internationales sont rdiges conformment aux rgles donnes dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 3. Dans le domaine des technologies de linformation, lISO et la CEI ont cr un comit technique mixte, lISO/CEI JTC
31、1. Les projets de Normes internationales adopts par le comit technique mixte sont soumis aux organismes nationaux pour vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert lapprobation de 75 % au moins des organismes nationaux votants. La Norme internationale ISO/CEI 2382-18 a t labore par l
32、e comit technique mixte ISO/CEI JTC 1,Technologies de linformation, sous-comit SC 1,Vocabulaire. Cette premire dition annule et remplace lISO 2382-18:1987, dont elle constitue une rvision technique. LISO/CEI 2382 comprendra environ 37 parties, prsentes sous le titre gnralTechnologies de linformation
33、 Vocabulaire. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18:19
34、99(E/F) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservsvii Introduction Information technology gives rise to numerous international exchanges of both an intellectual and a material nature. These exchanges often become difficult, either because of the great variety of terms used in various fields
35、 or languages to express the same concept, or because of the absence or imprecision of the definitions of useful concepts. To avoid misunderstandings and to facilitate such exchanges it is essential to clarify the concepts, to select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to e
36、xpress the same concept, and to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the various terms in different languages. ISO 2382 was initially based mainly on the usage to be found in theVocabulary of Information Processingwhich was established and published by the International Feder
37、ation for Information Processing and the International Computation Centre, and in theAmerican National Dictionary for Information Processing Systemsand its earlier editions published by the American National Standards Institute (formerly known as the American Standards Association). Published and Dr
38、aftInternationalStandardsrelatingtoinformationtechnologyofotherinternational organizations (such as the International Telecommunication Union and the International Electrotechnical Commission) as well as published and draft national standards have also been considered. The purpose of ISO/IEC 2382 is
39、 to provide definitions that are rigorous, uncomplicated and which can be understood by all concerned. The scope of each concept defined has been chosen to provide a definition that is suitable for general application. In those circumstances, where a restricted application is concerned, the definiti
40、on may need to be more specific. However, while it is possible to maintain the self-consistency of individual parts, the reader is warned that the dynamics of language and the problems associated with the standardization and maintenance of vocabularies may introduce duplications and inconsistencies
41、among parts. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=Shell Global Solutions International B.V./5924979112 Not for Resale, 04/17/2007 11:07:23 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC 2382-18:199
42、9(E/F) viii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs Introduction Les technologies de linformation sont lorigine de multiples changes intellectuels et matriels sur le plan international. Ceux-ci souffrent souvent de difficults provoques par la diversit des termes utiliss pour exprimer la
43、mme notion dans des langues ou des domaines diffrents, ou encore de labsence ou de limprcision des dfinitions pour les notions les plus utiles. Pour viter des malentendus et faciliter de tels changes, il parat essentiel de prciser les notions, de choisir les termes employer dans les diffrentes langu
44、es et dans les divers pays pour exprimer la mme notion, et dtablir pour ces termes des dfinitions quivalentes dans chaque langue. LISO 2382 a t base lorigine principalement sur lusage tel quil a t relev, dune part, dans leVocabulary of Information Processingtabli et publi par lInternational Federati
45、on for Information Processing et le Centre international de calcul et, dautre part, dans lAmerican National Dictionary for Information Processing Systemsy compris ses ditions prcdentes publies par lAmerican National Standards Institute (connu auparavant sous lappellation dAmerican Standards Associat
46、ion). Les Normes internationales publies ou au stade de projetsconcernantlestechnologiesdelinformationmanantdautresorganisations internationales (telles que lUnion internationale des tlcommunications et la Commission lectrotechnique internationale) ainsi que les normes nationales publies ou au stade
47、 de projets, ont galement t prises en compte. LebutdelISO/CEI2382estdeprocurerdesdfinitionsrigoureuses,simpleset comprhensibles pour tous les intresss. La porte de chaque notion a t choisie de faon que sa dfinition puisse avoir la valeur la plus gnrale. Cependant, il est parfois ncessaire de restreindre une notion un domaine plus troit et de lui donner alors une dfinition plus spcifique. Dautre part, si lon peut assurer la cohrence interne de chaque partie prise individuellement, la cohrence des diverses parties entre elles est plus difficile attein