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1、A Reference number ISO 4037-3:1999(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4037-3 First edition 1999-06-15 X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and th
2、e measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence Rayonnements X et gamma de rfrence pour ltalonnage des dosimtres et des dbitmtres et pour la dtermination de leur rponse en fonction de lnergie des photons Partie 3: talonnage des dosimtres de zone (ou dambiance) et indiv
3、iduels et mesurage de leur rponse en fonction de lnergie et de langle dincidence Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 03:06:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitt
4、ed without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-3:1999(E) ISO 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the
5、 publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 Switzerland Internetisoiso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii Contents 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Definitions 2 3.1 Quantities and units .2 3.2 Calibration factor and response determination.3 4 Procedures a
6、pplicable to all area and personal dosemeters5 4.1 General principles.5 4.2 Methods for the determination of the calibration factor and the response9 5 Particular procedures for area dosemeters 12 5.1 General principles.12 5.2 Quantities to be measured.12 5.3 Conversion coefficients.12 6 Particular
7、procedures for personal dosemeters.22 6.1 General principles.22 6.2 Quantities to be measured.23 6.3 Experimental conditions23 6.4 Conversion coefficients.25 7 Presentation of results35 7.1 Records and certificates35 7.2 Statement of uncertainties.36 Annex A (informative) Additional information37 Bi
8、bliography46 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 03:06:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOISO 4037-3:1999(E) iii Foreword
9、 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
10、 committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of elec
11、trotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 4037-3 was prepa
12、red by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85 Nuclear energy, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiation protection. ISO 4037 consists of the following parts, under the general title X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon en
13、ergy : Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production methods Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of inciden
14、ce Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 03:06:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-3:1999(E) ISO iv Introduction This
15、part of ISO 4037 is closely related to two other International Standards. The first, ISO 4037-1, describes the methods of production and characterization of the photon reference radiations. The second, ISO 4037-2, describes the dosimetry of the reference radiations. This part of ISO 4037 is the thir
16、d part of the series, and it describes procedures for calibrating and determining the response of dosemeters and doserate meters in terms of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) operational quantities 1,2,3,4 for radiation protection purposes 5. The rationale for u
17、sing the operational quantities is based on the fact that the effective dose as defined in ICRP 60 6 cannot be measured directly. The operational quantities provide a reasonable and conservative approximation to the effective dose for most photon radiations. The determination of the response of dose
18、meters and doserate meters is essentially a three-step process. First a basic quantity such as air kerma is measured free in air at the point of test. Then the appropriate operational quantity is derived by the application of the conversion coefficient that relates the quantity measured to the selec
19、ted operational quantity. Finally the device under test is placed at the same point for the determination of its response. Depending on the type of dosemeter under test, the irradiation is either carried out on a phantom or free in air for personal and area dosemeters, respectively. For area and ind
20、ividual monitoring, this part of ISO 4037 describes the methods and the conversion coefficients to be used for the determination of the response of dosemeters and doserate meters in terms of the ICRU operational quantities for photons. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provide
21、d by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 03:06:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISOISO 4037-3:1999(E) 1 X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and d
22、oserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence 1 Scope This part of ISO 4037 specifies the calibration of dosemeters and doserate
23、 meters used for individual and for area monitoring in photon reference radiation fields with mean energies between 8 keV and 9 MeV (see ISO 4037-1). For individual monitoring, both whole body and extremity dosemeters are covered and for area monitoring both portable and installed dosemeters are cov
24、ered. This part of ISO 4037 also deals with the determination of the response as a function of photon energy and angle of radiation incidence. Such measurements may represent part of a type test in the course of which the effect of further influence quantities on the response is examined. This part
25、of ISO 4037 does not cover the in-situ calibration of fixed installed area dosemeters which will be covered in a future standard. The procedures to be followed for the different types of dosemeters are described. Recommendations are given on the phantom to be used and on the conversion coefficients
26、to be applied. In addition, this International Standard gives guidance on the statement of uncertainties and on the preparation of calibration records and certificates. NOTE 1The term dosemeter is used as a generic term denoting any dose or doserate meter for individual or area monitoring. NOTE 2Thr
27、oughout this part of ISO 4037, unless otherwise stated, the term kerma is used to denote air kerma free in air. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 4037. For dated references, sub
28、sequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 4037 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the lat
29、est edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 4037-1:1996, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon
30、energy Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production methods. ISO 4037-2:1997, X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges 8 keV t
31、o 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV. ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, 1993. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 03:06:38 MDTNo reproduction or netw
32、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO 4037-3:1999(E) ISO 2 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 4037, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Quantities and units 3.1.1 dose equivalent H product of Q and D at a point in tissue, where D is the absorbed dose at that point and
33、Q the quality factor (ICRU 51 7): H = QD(1) NOTE 1The unit of the dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J kg-1) with the special name sievert (Sv). NOTE 2For the purpose of this part of ISO 4037, for photon and electron radiation, the quality factor has the value unity. 3.1.2 operational quantitie
34、s 3.1.2.1 ambient dose equivalent H*(10) dose equivalent that, at a point in a radiation field, would be produced by the corresponding expanded and aligned field, in the ICRU sphere, at a depth of 10 mm on the radius opposing the direction of the aligned field NOTE 1The unit of the ambient dose equi
35、valent is joules per kilogram (J kg-1) with the special name sievert (Sv). NOTE 2In the expanded and aligned field, the fluence and its energy distribution have the same value throughout the volume of interest as at the point of test; the field is unidirectional. 3.1.2.2 directional dose equivalent
36、H (0,07;) dose equivalent that, at a point in a radiation field, would be produced by the corresponding expanded field in the ICRU sphere at a depth of 0,07 mm on a radius in a specified direction NOTE 1The unit of the directional dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J kg-1) with the special name
37、 sievert (Sv). NOTE 2In a unidirectional field, the direction can be specified in terms of the angle, , between the radius opposing the incident field and a specified radius. When = 0, the quantity H (0,07;0) may be written as H (0,07). NOTE 3In the expanded field, the fluence and its angular and en
38、ergy distributions have the same value over the volume of interest as in the actual field at the point of measurement. 3.1.2.3 personal dose equivalent Hp(d) dose equivalent in soft tissue as defined in ICRU 51 7 below a specified point on the body at an appropriate depth d NOTE 1The unit of the per
39、sonal dose equivalent is joules per kilogram (J kg-1) with the special name sievert (Sv). NOTE 2Any statement of personal dose equivalent should include a specification of the depth, d, expressed in millimetres. For weakly penetrating radiation, a depth of 0,07 mm for the skin is employed. The perso
40、nal dose equivalent for this depth is then denoted by Hp(0,07). For strongly penetrating radiation, a depth of 10 mm is frequently employed with analogous notation. NOTE 3In Report 47 4, the ICRU has considered the definition of the personal dose equivalent to include the dose equivalent at a depth
41、d in a phantom having the composition of the ICRU tissue. Then Hp(d), for the calibration of personal dosemeters, is the dose equivalent at a depth d in a phantom composed of ICRU tissue (see 6.2), but of the size and shape of the phantom used for the calibration (see 6.3.1). Copyright International
42、 Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=NASA Technical Standards 1/9972545001 Not for Resale, 04/07/2007 03:06:38 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISOISO 4037-3:1999(E) 3 3.2 Calibration factor and response determinat
43、ion 3.2.1 influence quantity influence parameter quantity which may have a bearing on the result of a measurement without being the subject of the measurement EXAMPLE The reading of a dosemeter with an unsealed ionization chamber is influenced by the temperature and pressure of the surrounding atmos
44、phere. Although needed for determining the value of the dose, the measurement of these two quantities is not the primary objective. 3.2.2 reference conditions reference conditions represent the set of influence quantities for which the calibration factor is valid without any correction (See also not
45、e to 3.2.3.) NOTEThe value for the quantity to be measured may be chosen freely in agreement with the properties of the instrument to be calibrated. The quantity to be measured is not an influence quantity (3.2.1). 3.2.3 standard test conditions standard test conditions represent the range of values
46、 of a set of influence quantities under which a calibration or a determination of response is carried out NOTE Ideally, calibrations should be carried out under reference conditions. As this is not always achievable (e.g. for ambient air pressure) or convenient (e.g. for ambient temperature), a (sma
47、ll) interval around the reference values may be used. The deviations of the calibration factor from its value under reference conditions caused by these deviations should in principle be corrected for. In practice, the uncertainty aimed at serves as a criterion as to which influence quantity has to
48、be taken into account by an explicit correction or whether its effect may be incorporated into the uncertainty. During type tests, all values of influence quantities which are not the subject of the test are fixed within the interval of the standard test conditions. The standard test conditions together with the reference conditions applicable to this part of ISO 4037 are given in Tables A.1 and A.2 of annex A. 3.2.4 calibration conditions conditions within the range of standard test conditions actually prevailing during the calibration 3.2.5 refer