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1、Reference number ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 14369 First edition 1999-09-15 Information technology Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces Guidelines for the preparation of Language-Independent Service Specifications (LISS) Techn
2、ologies de linformation Langages de programmation, leurs environnements et interfaces du logiciel dexploitation Lignes directrices pour llaboration de spcifications de service indpendantes du langage (LISS) Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with I
3、SO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this
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6、 that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or util
7、ized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 ? CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fa
8、x + 41 22 734 10 79 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:3
9、4 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- This Technical Report is dedicated to Brian L. Meek in grateful recognition of his leadership and vision in the development of the concepts on programming language independent specifications, and his efforts in producing a s
10、et of standards documents in this area. Without his commitment this Technical Report never would have been published. Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:
11、34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permi
12、tted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservediii ContentsPage INTRODUCTION.X Backgroundx Principles .x 1.SCOPE 1 2.REFERENCES 1 3.DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS . 2 3.1 Definitions 2 3.2 Abbreviations .4 4.OVERVIEW. 5 4.1 Services, interfaces, service p
13、roviders and service users.5 4.2 Information technology services 5 4.3 Services and language independence.6 4.4 Language-independent specifications .7 4.5 Problems of language dependence and inbuilt assumptions 7 4.5.1Representational assumptions.8 4.5.2Implementation assumptions.8 5.GUIDELINES ON S
14、TRATEGY 9 5.1 General guidelines.9 5.1.1Guideline: Dependence of the interface on the service9 5.1.2.Guideline: What to do when there are interoperability, concurrency, or time constraint issues. .9 5.1.3Guideline: Use of marshalling/unmarshalling .9 5.1.4Guideline: Recruiting expertise from a varie
15、ty of backgrounds10 5.2 What to do if starting from scratch.10 5.2.1General guidelines.10 5.2.2Specifying the service in language-independent form.10 5.2.3Specifying the interface to the service in language-independent form11 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS u
16、nder license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) iv ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved 5.3 What to do if starting from an existing language-d
17、ependent specification.11 5.3.1General guidelines.12 5.3.2Converting an existing language-dependent specification of the service into language- ndependent form13 5.3.3Converting an existing implicit interface into an explicit language-independent interface.14 5.3.4Specifying a language-independent i
18、nterface to a service whose specification is language- dependent15 6.GUIDELINES ON DOCUMENT ORGANISATION.17 6.1 Guideline: The general framework17 6.1.1Checklist of parts for inclusion .17 6.2 Guideline: Production and publication 18 6.3 Guideline: Document organisation when starting from a language
19、-specific specification19 7.GUIDELINES ON TERMINOLOGY .20 7.1 Guideline: The need for rigour 20 7.2 Guideline: The need for consistency.20 7.3 Guideline: Use of undefined terms20 7.4 Guideline: Use of ISO 2382 20 7.5 Guideline: Use of definition by reference21 7.6 Guideline: Terminology used in bind
20、ings21 8.GUIDELINES ON USE OF FORMAL SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES.22 8.1 Guideline: Use of a formal specification language22 8.2 Checklist of formal specification languages.22 8.2.1Estelle.22 8.2.2Lotos.22 8.2.3VDM-SL23 8.2.4Z.23 8.2.5Extended BNF23 8.3 Guideline: Using formal specifications from the out
21、set.24 8.4 Guideline: Use of operational semantics 24 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fr
22、om IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedv 9.GUIDELINES ON INTEROPERABILITY. 25 9.1 Introduction 25 9.1.1Interoperability with what? .25 9.1.2The nature of the interoperation.26 9.1.3How interoperation is invoked26 9.2 Guidelines on interoperability with other instantiat
23、ions of the same service .26 9.2.1Guideline: Identifying features affecting interoperability.26 9.2.2Guideline: Precise definition and rigorous conformity requirements 26 9.2.3Guideline: Importance of exchange values.27 9.3 Guidelines on interoperability with other services27 9.3.1Guideline: Interop
24、erability with other services being defined at the same time27 9.3.2Guideline: Interoperability with a pre-defined service.27 10.GUIDELINES ON CONCURRENCY ISSUES. 29 10.1Guidelines on concurrency within the service specification.29 10.1.1Guideline: Avoidance of unnecessary concurrency requirements29
25、 10.2Guidelines on concurrency of interaction with service users.29 10.2.1Guideline: Handling of concurrent service requests.30 10.2.2Guideline: Number of concurrent service requests handled.30 10.2.3Guideline: Order of processing of service requests30 10.2.4Guideline: Criteria for prioritizing serv
26、ice requests.30 10.3Guidelines on concurrency requirements on bindings.30 10.3.1Guideline: Avoidance of concurrency requirements.30 10.3.2Guideline: Specification of unavoidable concurrency requirements.31 11.GUIDELINES ON THE SELECTION AND SPECIFICATION OF DATATYPES 32 11.1Guideline: Use of ISO/IEC
27、 11404:1996 Language-independent datatypes.32 11.2Guideline: Specification of datatype parameter values 32 11.3Guideline: Treatment of values outside the set defined for the datatype.32 11.4Guideline: Specification of operations on data values33 11.5Guideline: Recommended basic set of datatypes33 11
28、.6Guideline: Specification of arithmetic datatypes.33 11.7Guideline: Approach to language bindings of datatypes34 11.8Guideline: Avoidance of representational definitions34 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/11111110
29、01, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) vi ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved 12.GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATION OF PROCEDURE CALLS 35 12.1Guideline: Avoidance of unnecessary operational as
30、sumptions or detail 35 12.2Guideline: Use of ISO/IEC 13886:1996 (LIPC) procedure calling model.35 12.3Guidelines on the use of ISO/IEC 13886:1996 (LIPC) 36 12.3.1Guideline: Selection of datatypes of parameters36 12.3.2Guideline: Selection of parameter passing modes.37 12.3.3Guideline: Use of binding
31、s to LIPC.37 12.4Interfacing via remote procedure calling (RPC).37 12.4.1Guideline: Avoid limiting the service specification because of constraints on the interface specification .38 12.4.2Guideline: Specification of RPC interface.38 12.4.3Guideline: Use of subsets.38 12.4.4Guideline: Use of ISO/IEC
32、 11578:1996 (RPC).38 12.5Guideline: Guidance concerning procedure calling to those defining language bindings to the language-independent service specification39 13.GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATION OF FAULT HANDLING.40 13.1Guideline: Fault detection requirements.40 13.2Checklist of potential faults40 13.
33、2.1Invocation faults.41 13.2.2Execution faults41 13.3Guideline: Recovery from non-fatal faults.41 14.GUIDELINES ON OPTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION DEPENDENCE.42 14.1Guidelines on service options42 14.1.1Guideline: Optional service features.42 14.1.2Guideline: Avoidance of assumptions about the use of the
34、 service .42 14.1.3Guideline: Management of optional service features43 14.1.4Guideline: Definition of optional features43 14.2Guidelines on interface options43 14.2.1Guideline: Completeness of interface43 14.2.2Guideline: Interface to service with options .43 14.3Guidelines on binding options43 14.
35、3.1Guideline: Completeness of binding43 14.3.2Guideline: Binding to a service with options 44 14.3.3Guideline: Binding to a language with optional features44 14.4Guidelines on implementation dependence.44 14.4.1Guideline: Completeness of definition .44 14.4.2Guideline: Provision of implementation op
36、tions.45 14.4.3Guideline: Implementation-defined limits45 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
37、e from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedvii 15.GUIDELINES ON CONFORMITY REQUIREMENTS 47 15.1Guidelines for specifying conformity of implementations of the service48 15.1.1Guideline: Avoidance of assumptions about the implementation language.48 15.1.2Guideline: Avoid
38、ance of representational assumptions48 15.1.3Guideline: Avoidance of implementation model48 15.1.4Guideline: Requiring end results rather than methods.48 15.2Guidelines for specifying conformity of implementations of the interface48 15.2.1Guideline: Requirements on implementation-defined aspects.48
39、15.3Guidelines for specifying conformity of bindings48 15.3.1Guideline: Propagating requirements to conforming bindings48 15.3.2Guideline: Adherence to defined semantics.49 16.GUIDELINES ON SPECIFYING A LANGUAGE BINDING TO A LANGUAGE- INDEPENDENT INTERFACE SPECIFICATION. 50 16.1Guideline: Use of bin
40、dings to LID and LIPC.50 16.2Guideline: Adherence to defined semantics.50 16.3Guideline: Binding document organisation.50 16.4Guideline: “Reference card“ binding documents51 17.GUIDELINES ON REVISIONS 52 17.1Kinds of change that a revision can introduce.52 17.1.1Addition of a new feature.52 17.1.2Ch
41、ange to the specification of a well-defined feature52 17.1.3Deletion of a well-defined feature 52 17.1.4Deletion of ill-defined feature.53 17.1.5Clarification of ill-defined feature53 17.1.6Change or deletion of obsolescent feature53 17.1.7Change of level definition.53 17.1.8Change of specified limi
42、t to implementation-defined value. 53 17.1.9Change of other implementation requirement .53 17.1.10Change of conformity clause .53 17.2General guidelines applicable to revisions 53 17.2.1Guideline: Revision compatibility53 17.3Guidelines on revision of the service specification54 17.3.1Guideline: Det
43、ermining impact on interface and language bindings 54 17.3.2Guideline: Minimising impact on interface and language bindings.54 17.3.3Guideline: Use of incremental approach to revision.54 17.4Guidelines on revision of the service interface54 17.4.1Guideline: Buffering unrevised bindings from changes5
44、4 17.4.2Guideline: Use of incremental amendments.54 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from
45、 IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) viii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved 17.5Guidelines on revision of language bindings following revision of the service interface .55 17.5.1Guideline: Buffering application programs from changes.55 17.5.2Guideline: Use of incremental amendments.55 17.6Guidelines o
46、n revision of a language binding following revision of the language .55 17.6.1Guideline: Use of new language features.55 17.6.2Guideline: Buffering “legacy“ application programs from changes.55 17.6.3Guideline: Buffering application programs by use of options55 ANNEX A BRIEF GUIDE TO LANGUAGE-INDEPE
47、NDENT STANDARDS56 A.1Language-independent arithmetic56 A.2Language-independent datatypes56 A.3Language-independent procedure calling57 ANNEX B GLOSSARY OF LANGUAGE-INDEPENDENT TERMS 58 B.1Source indications58 B.2Index of terms.58 Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by I
48、HS under license with ISO Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/04/2007 06:00:34 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- ISO/IEC TR 14369:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedix Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide