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1、 Approved as an American National Standard ANSI Approval Date: June 20, 2005 NEMA Standards Publication LD 3-2005 High-Pressure Decorative Laminates Published by: National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 www.nema.org (703) 841-3200 To O
2、rder: (800) 854-7179 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan Am
3、erican Copyright Conventions. NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agree
4、ment among every person participating in the development of this document. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. The proc
5、ess brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independent
6、ly test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, cons
7、equential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes
8、no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers product or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document avai
9、lable, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on the behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgement or, as approp
10、riate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or infor
11、mation not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of comp
12、liance with any health or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is the sole responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. LD 3-2005 Page i CONTENTS Page Foreword .iii Membersiv Section 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE1 1.2 REFERENCED STANDARDS1 1.3 TYPES A
13、ND DESCRIPTIONS2 1.3.1 General Purpose Type .2 1.3.2 Postforming Type2 1.3.3 Flame Retardant Type2 1.3.4 High Wear Type2 1.3.5 Specific Purpose Type2 1.3.6 Compact Laminate Type 2 1.3.7 Cabinet Liner Type .2 1.3.8 Backer Type3 1.3.9 Other Types3 1.4 CONFORMANCE WITH FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETICS ACT 3 1
14、.5 FIRE RATING .3 1.6 VISUAL INSPECTION 3 1.7 SURFACE FINISHES .3 Section 2 PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES AND VALUES 2.1 PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES5 Section 3 TEST METHODS 3.1 APPEARANCE9 3.1.1 Scope9 3.1.2 Test Apparatus and Materials.9 3.1.3 Test Specimens9 3.1.4 Test for Visual Defects .9 3.1.5 Test for Thi
15、ckness 9 3.1.6 Test for Flatness.10 3.1.7 Test for Broken Corners.10 3.1.8 Test for Squareness .10 3.1.9 Test for Edge Straightness.10 3.1.10 Sanding11 3.1.11 Test Report 11 3.2 SURFACE FINISH11 3.3 LIGHT RESISTANCE .12 3.4 CLEANABILITY/STAIN RESISTANCE.14 3.5 BOILING WATER RESISTANCE .17 3.6 HIGH T
16、EMPERATURE RESISTANCE.20 3.6.1 Scope20 3.6.2 Hot Wax Method.20 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page ii 3.6.3 Hot Oil Method21 3.7 SCRATCH RESISTANCE (Values under consideration).22 3.7.1 Scope22 3.7.2 Linear Glass Scratch Method.22 3.7.3 Diamond Scratch
17、 Method.29 3.8 BALL IMPACT RESISTANCE.34 3.9 DART IMPACT RESISTANCE37 3.10 RADIANT HEAT RESISTANCE.41 3.10.1 Scope.41 3.10.2 Coil Element Method41 3.10.3 Strip Element Method 46 3.11 DIMENSIONAL CHANGE49 3.12 ROOM TEMPERATURE DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.52 3.13 WEAR RESISTANCE 54 3.14 FORMABILITY .57 3.15
18、 BLISTER RESISTANCE65 Annex A APPLICATION, FABRICATION, AND INSTALLATION 67 A.1 INTRODUCTION 67 A.2 GENERAL DISCUSSION .67 A.3 MATERIALS68 A.3.1 High-Pressure Decorative Laminate68 A.3.2 Adhesives.69 A.3.3 Substrate70 A.3.4 Factors Affecting Bonded Assemblies .71 A.4 CONDITIONING AND STORAGE OF MATE
19、RIALS PRIOR TO FABRICATION.72 A.5 FABRICATION TOOLING.73 A.5.1 Sawing73 A.5.2 Routing.74 A.5.3 Sanding 74 A.5.4 Drilling 75 A.6 GENERAL RULES FOR FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION 75 A.6.1 Fabrication in the Shop 75 A.6.2 Postforming Laminates 77 A.6.3 Installation on the Job 78 A.6.4 Field Working of Bo
20、nded Assemblies 79 A.7 TYPICAL PROBLEMSCAUSES AND PREVENTION 79 Annex B CARE AND CLEANING OF LAMINATES Annex C PERCEPTION OF SCRATCHES Annex D WEAR RESISTANCE CHART Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page iii Foreword This Standards Publication has been pr
21、epared by the Decorative Laminate Section of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association for use by manufacturers and fabricators of high-pressure decorative laminates (HPDL). The test methods and performance values presented have been related as closely as possible to end-use applications, an
22、d user needs have been considered throughout. The purpose of this Standards Publication is to provide standard test methods and performance values for high-pressure decorative laminates. Standards Publication LD 3-2005 revises and supersedes LD 3-2000. The Decorative Laminate Section works closely w
23、ith trade organizations and appropriate government agencies in the periodic review and revision of these standards. The Sections testing laboratory at North Carolina State University has been instrumental over a period of years in developing new test methods and perfecting old test methods, and also
24、 in conducting round robins among producer laboratories to prove the reproducibility of test methods. These standards are also periodically reviewed by the Decorative Laminate Section for any revisions necessary to keep them up to date with advancing technology. Proposed or recommended revisions sho
25、uld be submitted to: Vice President, Engineering Department National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 In this 2005 edition of the NEMA Standards Publication for High-Pressure Decorative Laminates, effort has been continued to relate the
26、Standards more closely to the performance expected in their end-use applications. The type and thickness of the decorative laminate, the substrate, the adhesive, and the fabricating techniques employed have a definite bearing on the performance of the final product in service. Information on substra
27、tes, adhesives, fabrication, and installation has been updated and is found in Annex A. Information concerning care and cleaning of high-pressure decorative laminate (HPDL) is found in Annex B. Information pertaining to the perception of scratches is found in Annex C. Information about the NEMA wear
28、 resistance chart is found in Annex D. Where values are given in both metric and U. S. customary units, the metric units are to be regarded as the standard. Equipment drawings in this edition are designed with metric units. Existing equipment, built to U. S. customary units and in compliance with th
29、e 2000 edition of the NEMA LD 3 standard, remain acceptable for use. Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page iv Members Formica Corporation Nevamar Company, LLC 10155 Reading Road One Nevamar Place Cincinnati, OH 45241 Hampton, SC 29924 (800) 367-6422 (800
30、) 845-4790 Wilsonart International P. O. Box 6110 2400 Wilson Place Temple, TX 76503-6110 (800) 433-3222 NEMA 6 LD Section Testing Laboratory North Carolina State University Department of Wood and Paper Science Box 8005 411 Dan Allen Drive Raleigh, NC 27695 (919) 515-2850 Copyright 2005 by the Natio
31、nal Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 1 Section 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE This Standards Publication covers high-pressure decorative laminate (HPDL) sheets which consist of papers, fabrics, or other core materials that have been laminated at pressures of more than 5.0 MPa using thermose
32、tting condensation resins as binders. 1.2 REFERENCED STANDARDS In this publication, reference is made to the standards listed below. Copies are available from the indicated sources: American Society for Testing and Materials 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428 (610) 832-9585 D 523-99 S
33、pecular Gloss D 638-02 Tensile Properties of Plastics D 790-03 Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials G 155-00ae1 Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non- Metallic Materials International Organization for
34、Standardization 1, Rue de Varembe Case Postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland documents are available from American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4980 ISO 4586-1 High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL)-Sheets based on thermosetting resins (Usually cal
35、led Laminates) National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 documents are available from Global Engineering Documents 15 Inverness Way East Englewood, CO 80112 (800) 854-7179 LI 1-2004 Industrial Laminated Thermosetting Products Copyright 2005 by the N
36、ational Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 2 Technical Association of the Pulp Length 25.4 mm (1 in.) 1 2 NEMA Grade G-5 Mounting Plate 6.35 mm (1/4 in.) diameter x 50.8 mm (2 in.) x 127 mm (5 in.) 1 3 NEMA Grade G-5 Mounting Plate 25.4 x 50.8 x 76.2 mm (1 x 2 x 3 in.) 1 4 . Heater
37、 Element . 1 5 Copper Mesh Wire Length about 101.6 mm (4 in.) 2 6 Brass Sleeve Outside Diameter 19 mm (3/4 in.); Length 31.75 mm (1/4 in.) 1 7 Brass Nut Outside Diameter 25.4 mm (1 in.); Thickness 4.76 mm (3/16 in.) 1 8 Metal Screw 10-32 x 19 mm (3/4 in.) long 4 9 Copper Lead Lug . 1 10 Copper Lead
38、Lug . 1 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 43 Figure 3-16 CONSTRUCTION OF RESISTOR HEATING ELEMENT ASSEMBLY Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 44 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers
39、Association. Figure 3-17 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR RADIANT HEAT TEST LD 3-2005 Page 45 Figure 3-18 RADIATION CALIBRATION BLOCK NOTE 1 The main body of the block should be constructed of NEMA Grade G-5 or G-9 laminated material as designated in LI 1-2004. 2 The thermocouple wires are first silver soldere
40、d from the front surface of the 0.581 mm (0.015 in.) thick stainless steel disc and the inside of the 0.0610 mm (0.024 in.) hole with a minimum of silver solder to effect good contact. The wires should be No. 30 B solvent- based and water-based. Water-based adhesives are not suitable for bonding lam
41、inates to steel or iron surfaces. The solvent or the water must be evaporated before satisfactory bonding can be accomplished. Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 70 Contact adhesives should be uniformly applied to both surfaces to be bonded by a brush
42、, sprayer, or paint roller. Brush application is the least desirable method because of the difficulty in obtaining uniform application. These adhesives have high immediate bond strength, and once contact has been made, the components cannot be moved. A.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Acetate Types (White Glue) Poly
43、vinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion adhesives may be used for bonding laminates to wood substrates where resistance to moisture and high heat are not required in the application (e.g., furniture, kitchen cabinets, and office partitions). They may be both room temperature and hot pressed setting adhesives
44、requiring only that the water in the emulsion be absorbed by the components. Catalyzed PVAc offers improved moisture and heat resistance. A.3.2.3 Thermosetting Types a. Urea-formaldehyde adhesives are satisfactory for most applications. They can be used for room temperature bonding or for “hot“ bond
45、ing. Hot bonding may tend to increase panel warpage, and a backer laminate should be used to reduce warpage. When hot bonding, the temperature should not exceed 85oC (185oF) for best results. b. Resorcinol and phenol-resorcinol adhesives are recommended for use when moisture resistance and heat resi
46、stance are required. They may be used in either hot-pressing or room temperature bonding. Phenol-resorcinols are sometimes used as a pre-impregnated adhesive sheet in a hot- pressing operation. Resorcinols can be used with fire rated laminates to meet specific fire rated classifications. c. Epoxy ad
47、hesives are liquids with no volatile components. They have good gap-filling and low shrinkage properties and are used mainly for bonding laminates to impervious cores such as steel. They should be catalyzed for use in either hot or room temperature bonding operations. A.3.2.4 Hot Melt Types Hot melt
48、 adhesives are suitable for use only in edge banding operations because of their low heat resistance. It is recommended that the particular grade adhesive chosen should have a minimum softening point of 65C (150F). Most hot melt manufacturers recommend a primer be applied to the back of the high-pre
49、ssure decorative laminate prior to bonding. The adhesive manufacturers recommendation for environmental conditions during application should be closely followed due to the application temperature sensitivity of the adhesive. A.3.2.5 Urethane Types Urethane adhesives are liquids with 100% solids and no volatile components. They have good gap-filling and low shrinkage properties and are used mainly for bonding laminates to impervious cores such as steel. There are various hot-melt urethane type adhesives which are utilized for bonding to medium density f