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1、A Contrastive Analysis on Politeness Formulae between English and ChineseContents摘要.2Abstract.3I. Introduction. .4 II. The difference origin of Politeness concept between English and Chinese.5III. The contrastive of Courtesy Guidelines between English and Chinese. .6 3.1 The courtesy guidelines in w
2、estern.6 3.2 The Chinese-style politeness norms.7IV. The difference of culture.89V. The contrastive of salutation between English and Chinese. .105.1 The compare of salutation between English and Chinese.105.2 The compare of thanks and apology between English and Chinese. .115.3 The difference of ta
3、boo and nice euphemism. .12IV. Conclusion.13Bibliography.14Acknowledgements.15 摘 要礼貌是人类文明的象征，是人类社会的普遍现象，然而不同的文化有着不用的礼貌衡量标准以及表达方式，随着中国加入WTO，中国与外国之间的往来日益频繁，然而在西方的言语交际中有时却不是那么的成功。谚语交际成功与否在很大程度上取决能否选用恰当的礼貌表现方式和礼貌用语。礼貌用语与价值观念，社会习惯等文化因素有着密切的联系，由于文化背景的差异，不同的民族对礼貌的理解各不相同，所遵循的礼貌原则和评判方式也相差甚远。本文采用对比分析的方法就如何在英语
4、和汉语中使用称谓形式，招呼语恭维语，致谦语作了对比分析，从比较的角度对汉英礼貌用语作梳理以帮助中国的英语学习者更加透彻地了解英美文化，更好地掌握英语语言。关键词：礼貌用语 分析对比 AbstractPoliteness is the symbol of human culture and societys universal phenomenon. However the different culture has politeness which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the expression way. Joining
5、 WTO along with China, Intercourse is day by day frequent Between Chinese and the foreign. However spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success However in Wests spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success. Whether do the proverb human relations su
6、cceed or not are decided to a great extent select the appropriate politeness performance way and the polite expression .The polite expression have the close relation with the value idea, cultural elements and so on social custom. As a result of the cultural context difference, the different national
7、ity has the various understanding to politeness , Follows politeness principle and the judgment way are also far from. How does this article use the method of the contrast analysis on using the salutation, greeting language thinks highly of the language, apologies have a contrastive in English and C
8、hinese. Does from the comparison angle to polite expression combs to help English learners of china to understand even more thoroughly the British and American culture, grasps English language well between English and Chinese. Key words: politeness formulae contrastive analysis 、Instruction Politene
9、ss is the symbol of human culture and societys universal phenomenon. However the different culture has politeness which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the expression way. Joins WTO along with China, Intercourse is day by day frequent Between Chinese and the foreign. However spoken lan
10、guage human relations sometimes actually is not such success However in Wests spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success. Whether do the proverb human relations succeed or not are decided to a great extent select the appropriate politeness performance way and the polite e
11、xpression. The polite expression have the close relation with the value idea, cultural elements and so on social custom. As a result of the cultural context difference, the different nationality has the various understanding for politeness, Follows politeness principle and the judgment way are also
12、far from. How does this article use the method of the contrast analysis on using the salutation, greeting language thinks highly of the language, apologies have contrastive in English and Chinese. Does from the comparison angle to polite expression combs to help English learners of china to understa
13、nd even more thoroughly the British and American culture, grasps English language well between English and Chinese. 4II. The difference origin of Politeness concept between English and ChineseThe production and evolution of politeness concept in English culture. Has experienced incessant change. Pol
14、iteness is together with palace and city in English. At first, Said from the etymology, “ politeness” and “polite” have direct relation with etymology “polis, polis”, the two etymology is change from “polis” and “Politeia” of Greece. Forever, the two Greece etymology is meaning city or government of
15、 city. Next, The polis in English have the same meaning with courteous, urbane, civil. These etymologies is imply Peoples good words and deeds manner in city or palace. The behavior of people was considered has politeness in some time in the history. So, the modern politeness concept glorious histor
16、ical origin in English culture decided it is completely different from the Chinese culture. Politeness origin in Chinese cultureThe politeness concept also has the glorious history in the Chinese culture, it come from the ancient times ritual, namely, rituals of state. Rumor has it that ritual is a
17、important part of philosophic thinking in ancient times of china，and ritual is one of the important concepts of Confucian thought. Kong Zi lives in the Spring and Autumn Period last stage the feudal lord strives for hegemony, social turbulence. In order to adapt the social life request at that time,
18、 devotes into restoring the rituals of state. The “ritual” of kongzi is not the politeness, but the social rank order in slave society time. In the two three hundred yeas after kongzi pass away, the ritual have founded completely. But the ritual concept also changed afterward, having resembled moder
19、n politeness concept. The book about ceremony depicted disparages oneself to respect other people is a important point of Chinese culture. As stated above, in the culture between English and Chinese, the origin is different of polit concept, it is deal to the difference of polit connotation .The pol
20、itness principle and rule that people following is different too. 5 III. The contrastive of Courtesy Guidelines between English and Chinese 3.1 The courtesy guidelines in westernWell-known British linguist Leach (G. Leech) (1983) carefully studied the phenomenon of politeness based on the British cu
21、ltural characteristics, follow the example of Grices cooperative principle, politeness put forward six criteria, are summarized as following (1),Tact Maxim (or said: strategy guidelines) (The Tact Maxim): the speaker should be decrease the prejudicial views of others, so that minimum damage to other
22、s and the greatest benefit to others. (2), Generous criteria (The Generosity Maxim): those who want to speak as little as possible so that their own benefit, so that their minimum benefit and the greatest damage to their own. (3), Praised the guidelines (or said: praise criteria; or said: praised th
23、e guidelines) (The Approbation Maxim): those who want to speak as little as possible to belittle others, and many others praise, praise to others. (4), Modest criteria (or said: Modesty Maxim) (The Modesty Maxim): speaker as little as possible should praise themselves, many derogatory to own(5), Con
24、sistent criteria (or said: agree with the guidelines) (The Agreement Maxim): the speaker should decrease the differences between the two sides, on a best efforts consistent with others. (6), Compassion criteria (The Sympathy Maxim): the speaker should decrease their sense of revulsion to others so a
25、s to maximize the same feelings 63.2 The Chinese-style politeness norms Gu Yueguo (1990) put forward the four politeness features of Chinese culture: one, respect, 2, modesty, 3, the attitude of enthusiasm, 4, polished Gu Yueguo absorb and learn at the Leach (G. Leech) courtesy of the six criteria,
26、compared and analyzed the phenomenon of English manners, and traces the modern history of the concept of courtesy after, according to Lilly and polite contact, Courtesy of the five criteria have “Chinese s characteristic” have been generally recognized in Politeness, pragmatics and Culture , Now be
27、summarized as follows:(1), Demoted own and respected their own criteria: Chinese-style politeness, the greatest feature is the gift, and low self-esteem and respect people. Article courtesy to the current guidelines, Peel the ingredients are becoming fewer and fewer, gradually to be self-criticism a
28、nd shy replaced by the composition (2),Referred to the criteria: that people should be greeted at communication, not to say hello are impolite or rude. Hello is going to call. Call on behalf of the social relations between people. Salutation of change often means that relationships have changed. Gui
29、delines are in fact called to inherit and carry on the ancient ceremony of the essence, follow the top to bottom there is the difference between good and bad jobs who, seniority principle (3), Polished criteria: polite language that the speaker has penitentiary. Education has demonstrated the spirit
30、ual realm has reached a higher level. Criteria for selection of civilization that is polished ethereally disable the use of abusive language; many euphemisms used, less outspoken. (4), Germany, and made, the criteria are met: refer to acts on the motive to minimize the cost to others, maximize the b
31、enefits to others (such as Dade); in words, as far as possible to exaggerate the benefits of others of their own to decrease the show of their own advantages and strengths to make it as much as possible hidden (can be described as gentlemanly). 7 (5), Seeking the same criteria: refers to many aspect
32、s of communication between the two sides in harmony strive to satisfy each others wishes, as much aspossible to maintain consensus. IV. The difference of cultureThe difference of culture deal to the differenct effect of the same language. Different culture is the difference culture between english a
33、nd chinese come from crossing language and culture. The difference is made by these people who taught English and Chinese, their nation heart, thinking, illation model is the mostly reason. The language obstacle appearanced from crossing culture communication can always deal to mistake and conflict,
34、 The base cause is the both sides is influenced by each culture background lead to lack a same language uses the premise. For example ,the modest word of our language, it is pleasantries without any actual Significance. When speech finished ,people usual said “please correct the deficiency” “in the
35、above is my simple opinion ,and not comprehensive”, ”welcome everyone to point our mistake”, “Offering a few ordinary introductory remarks so that others may offer their valuable ideas”. and so on. But the native who speak English will not say the same words in the same situation, maybe they will sa
36、y “I hope you all enjoy my talk”, but the mostfrequent word is “Thank you”. Then , according to Wests cultural convention, in order to denote respect ,gentleman usual say “please your first” to ladies, such as entering the dining room, gentleman will let lady go into first, its our china students of
37、ten said “Lady first ”Actually, the parlance with polite and decency should be “After you”. Maybe it also be difference of culture from using of two language. Otherwise, it is a politeness that mankind praise the close and appearance 8of lady in English culture ,the people who was complimented would
38、 accept agreeably. But it will be considered a inurbane behavior in china. There was a story :A men who praise a lady approach him in the bus ,he said “lady, you are so beautiful!”, however, the result is glare resolut and “rascal” the two word from the lady. The man feel so embarrassed and feel too
39、 ashamed to show ones face . Then ,more editor in china finished book, author will according to the custom of china to say several condescension words in preface: Due to the time is too short and the level is finitity, so I will hard to avoid the defect and misgivings, hope you can comment and point
40、 out mistakes so that they can be corrected. However, in English culture, the standard of auditor isnt doubted, people often choice the neutral finished words to appreciate their attention and interest from all reader, such as “Thank you for your consideration ”or “I hope you will benefit in reading
41、 this book ”and so on. Similarity above all the difference of china and westerns culture will pass the wrong information to these people who spoke English and Chinese ,will influence their communication .So in order to let each side can communicate rightly and reasonable. To acquaint ourselves cultu
42、re background is important very much. 9V. The contrastive of salutation between English and Chinese.5.1 The compare of salutation between English and ChineseAffected by the impact of the social structure, traditional ethics, blood, religion and the social factors. The salutation system of Chinese is
43、 more complex than western countries. Child often cant call their parents name, student cant call teachers name directly, subordinates also cant salutation name of their boss in china, or they will be considered is impoliteness. The Chinese not only like to call their family and relative use the nam
44、e including consanguinity connection, but call not family and relative use the same salutation. For example, named those male grandfather who have the same old with our ancestor the female is also called grandmother , named those male uncle who have the same old with our parent, the female is also called aunty. named those male brother who have the same old with us, the female is also called sister. It is so infrequent in England. Communicated in their daily life, the Chinese often like using duty to