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1、英文原文Monitoring dispatch information system of trucks andshovels in an open pit based on GIS/GPS/GPRSAbstract Using GIS, GPS and GPRS, an intelligent monitoring and dispatch system of trucks and shovels in an open pit has been designed and developed. The system can monitor and dispatch open-pit truck
2、s and shovels and play back their historical paths. An intelligent data algorithm is proposed in a practical applicat-ion. The algorithm can count the times of deliveries of trucks and loadings of shovels. Experiments on real scenes show that the performance of this system is stable and can satisfy
3、production standards in open pits. Keywords GIS; GPS; GPRS; dispatch; data processing; open pit1 . IntroductionTo date the development of truck monitoring dinpatch systems in the world, such as the DISPATCH monitoring system of the American Module Company has reached a highly mature level and is alm
4、ost univernal. It has developed into a decision-making platform by management as a control system in multi-direction-al mining production, called Intellimine. In 1998, DISPATCH was introduced into the Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi, China. It has clearly enhanced the service efficiency of equipment,
5、improved the management level in the open pits and obtained better overall benefits. In 2003, the Dandong Dong-fang Measurement and Control Technology Co. Ltd.,together with the Qidashan Iron Mine have developed a dispatch management system for trucks in open pits.The system has become indispensable
6、 to daily production management. It must be emphatically pointed out that the greatest disadvantage of these systems is that they cost too much. The major cause is that an independent communication network needs to be established and maintained by every open pit. Many mines can not afford such a sys
7、tem. However, using GIS/GPS/GPRS technologies, it is not necessary to establish independent communication networks in every open pit. The network can be maintained and upgraded by a third party (e.g., China Mobile Communication Co. Ltd). This can reduce costs considerably and provides a good platfor
8、m for medium and small open pit mines to establish a fast, highly tive, and practical ground transportation system. Such a system is very important in enhancing labor productivity, reduce mining costs and promote mining technologies to an unprecedented level in open pits.2 . GIS/GPS/GPRS2.1 GISThe G
9、eographic Information System (GIS) is one kind of computer system gathering, storing, managing,analyzing, demonstrating and applying geographicinformation. It is a general technology that can analyze and process enormous amounts of geographic data. It takes a geographic space database as its foundat
10、-ion, uses a geographic model analysis method to provide many kinds of spatialand dynamic geographic information and serves as a geographic research anddecision-making tool. It has some basic functions such as electronic mapping, spatial data management and spatial information analysis. GIS has been
11、 applied in many fields to establish all kinds of spatial databases and decision support systems,each with different criteria and provide answers to many different formal spatial inquiries, spatial analyses and assistance plans and decision-making func-tions.To date, GIS has pits. The task been grad
12、ually applied in open of a monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in open pits is to track, monitor and manage production equipment,which depends largely on geographic spatial information. Therefore GIS plays an important role in visual supervisory systems of trucks, real-time
13、dynamic management and assistance in decision analysis.2.2 GPSThe Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed in orbit. Their ground stations aremanaged by the U.S. Department of Defense.A GPS receiver must be locked on to the s
14、ignal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movements. With fouror more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the 3D position of trucks (latitude, longitude and elevation). Once the position of the truck has been dete-rmined, the GPS unit
15、 can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, suprise and sunset time and more. GPS works in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or establishment charges to use GPS.To date, as GPS units are becoming smaller
16、and less expensive, there are an expanding number of applications for GPS in open pits. With GPS, the monitor-ing dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in open pits provides cua-ccurate position (latitude and longitude), speed, bearing, time, track and more basic information of trucks an
17、d shovels.2.3 GPRSThe General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is one of GSMPhase2+ standard realization contents and can provide fast data transmission speed. Theoretically,this service is ten times faster than the current Circuit Switched Data services on GSM networks. GPRS uses the same frequency rang
18、e,bandwidth, sharpedged structure wireless modulation standard,frequency-hopping rule and TDMA frame structure as GSM.The monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in open pits largely uses the advantages of GPRS such as faster speed and instant connections as the need arises and
19、charging by amount of data. It can provide realt- ime wire-less transmission and is very quick without a dial-up modem connection to GPS equipment for position information. That is very important because GPS position information has room for only a small amount of data and needs to be transmitted fr
20、equently. So this system can make good use of GPRS to transmit GPS position information.3. Principle of monitoring dispatch system of trucks and shovels3.1 Monitoring dispatch system of trucks and shovelsThe monitoring dispatch system is composed of mobile terminals carried by vehicles, a communicat
21、ion network and a monitoring center, as shown in Fig.1 .In this system the mobile terminals receive GPS signals and then calculate the latitude, longitude, angle, elevation and speed of the vehicles. The expansion interfaces of mobile terminals can also meet many examination and control lines to obt
22、ain the information from the vehicles. Each kind of information is transm-itted to the monitoring center through GPRS and the Internet. GPRS, as a teleco-mmunications network between the mobile terminals and monitoring center, mainly transmits the information on position and condition of the vehicle
23、 and information in case of an alarm, to the monitoring center, which in turn transmits dispatch and control commands to the vehides.In the monitoring center, the communication server, the database server and the console are connected by a 100M local area network. The monitoring center under control
24、 of the system software system receives and processes all kinds of information coming from the controlled vehicles. The position, paths and other information of the vehicles are displayed at LED multimedia monitors and electronic maps in the monitoring center and from these the vehicles can be monit
25、ored and dispatched. Besides, the system may establish other centers with monitoring and dispatch subsystems in different regions. This sub-center with independent or relatively independent monitoring dispatch functions can be can be controlled from the center.3.2 Data processing system of trucks an
26、d shovelsThe data processing system of trucks and shovels at first locates the real-time positions of trucks through GPS and GPRS and then determines the loading mine position A (longitude, latitude) through a terminal on the shovel and the unloading mine position B (longitude, latitude) through GPS
27、 equipment. The rea-ltime location of truck C (longitude, latitude) can be determined according to a terminal installed in the truck,as shown in Fig. 2.4.Monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in Sandaozhuang open pitThe Sandaozhuang open pit is part of the Luoyang Luanchuan Mo
28、lybdenum Industry Group Inc. Its output is 1O million tons. Its length is 2350 m, its width 1350 m and its mining elevation is between 1114 and 1630.8 m. The height of mining is 516.8 m and the bench height 12 m. Rotary drilling machines, shovels and trucks are used in this mining process.The transp
29、ortation system consists of a number of trucks, a crushing station, an ore pass and electric locomotives. The monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in this open pit consists mainly of terminals and monitoring dispatch software.4.1 Software constitution and its function4.1.1 GI
30、S monitoring dispatch client (GMDC) The GIS monitoring dispatch client can be installed in the monitoring center to manage, dispatch and monitor trucks and shovels. Its functions are as follows: 1) Map operation: zoom in, zoom out, roam and display lamination maps; display coordinates of a random po
31、int on the map; compute the distance of two random points; compute the area of a random polygon; inquire about the geographic target information etc. 2) Vehicles display: display the several trucks or shovels differently, e.g., different colors and different marks; do not display trucks or shovels a
32、ccording togiven commands. 3) Playback of historical paths: play back the travel path of any truck at some time on the electronic map. 4) Inquiry about the location of a truck: inquire current position, speed, condition and driver of any truck at any moment. 5) Instruction dispatch: the monitoring c
33、enter can send out dispatch instructions as text; the terminal carried by trucks will clearly indicate and display, with a red light, the dispatch instructions on the terminal.6) Pronunciation dispatch: the monitoring center can call any terminal carried by vehicles for dispatch;the red light of the
34、 terminal will clearly indicate thatinstructions are given and will ring. 7) Terminal information feedback: the terminal carried by trucks can upload the prefabricated fixed information on the operation surface of the terminal andreturn feedback to the monitoring center which can deal with the infor
35、mation in a timely fashion.4.1.2 GPS data processing client (GDPC) The function of the GPS data processing is to record the times delivered by trucks and the times loaded by shovels. The concrete function is as follows: 1) Count of delivery by truck: count accurately the delivery times of each truck
36、 from shovels to crushing stations during some time interval; the interval can be set by users; the statistical results can be transformed to report forms by class, month and season, according to need of the user. 2) Count of loading by shovels: count accurately the loading time during some time int
37、erval of each shovel; other functions are the same as in 1).4.1.3 GPS localization data processing server (GLDP) The function of the GPS processing server is mainly to filter, extract and process the localization data of trucks and shovels in order to enhance the level of accuracy and statistical ef
38、ficiency.4.1.4 Data communication control server (DCCS) The communication control server mainly gathers,transmits and routes the data through the TCP/IP and analyzes the communication protocol and the distribution of data; this part is also in charge of the handling of traffic (monitoring, dispatch
39、etc.) and other data connections (the localization data input, condition, renewal of vehicles, etc. ).4.1.5 Database management system (DBMS) The database management system mainly manages the database and increases, deletes, modifies and requires data from vehicles, drivers and operators; it regular
40、ly backs up the data and then deletes it.4.2 System application deployment The process of the entire system deployment is as follows: 1)Early preparation: the terrain of the open pit is complex, the communication signals are bad and there are many blind signal zones. A communication base seat and a
41、repeater were built by China Mobile.These measures have solved the signal problem. 2) Terminal installation: the type of terminals is a HQ60006-T10 provided by the Shenzhen Huaqiang Holdings Ltd. GPS terminals had been installed in 75trucks and shovels during an earlier period. The terminal consist
42、mainly of a mainframe, a GPS antenna,a GPRS antenna, a display, a red indicating lamp,earphones, a sound box as well as a microphone. After installation, the terminal needed debugging. It mainly sets the parameters of the main frame (number,IP, port, etc)using an operation handle. 3) Software deploy
43、ment: there are five sub-systems in the project. A schematic deployment structure is drawn in Fig. 3. The data communication control system is deployed in the web server of the company; the localization data processing system and the database management server are deployed in the database server of
44、the company; the data processing client and the monitoring client of trucks and shovels are deployed in the monitoring center of the open pit.4) Coordinate registration: in first instance, the present topographic map of the open pit should be renewed. Under AutoCAD2006 we can transform it from DWG t
45、o DXF format. Then we can match the present DXF topographic map to the coordinates. Establish a longitude/latitude (wgs84) coordinate system and select a couple of coordinates: the geodetic coordinates of the first point are: (6755.3044, 4850.7990),latitude/longitude coordinates (111.506202, 33.9190
46、5);those of the second point are (6459.1221, 5482.2094),latitude/longitude coordinate (111.50295, 33.92468).Their match is shown in Fig, 4. After obtaining the electronic map of Tab format, the electronic map is saved as Geoset by MapX5.0.5) System debugging: Many parameters need to be rationalised
47、in this system, given the real situation.The most important parameters are the demarcations of all the scanning regions in the open pit. At present there are five scanning regions, those of crushing stations I, II, III, the Nangou trough and the reserve mine.They have mainly adopted the method of sc
48、anning return paths made by many trucks to determine the areas. Besides, in some special terrain, scanning regions of irregular shapes can be determined by means of points and straight lines. Fig. 5 is the operation interface of the software system.4.3 Running the systemThe monitoring dispatch infor
49、mation system in the Sandaozhuang open pit has been used since March,2007. Some problems have arisen since then, such as drift and precision of GPS. These have been solved by optimization of the system software. After experiments with real scenes, the performance of the system is stable. It not only can track and localize trucks,play back historical paths, monitor the trucks automatically, but c