2015年高考英语考纲解读热点考点难点专题11定语从句.pdf

《2015年高考英语考纲解读热点考点难点专题11定语从句.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2015年高考英语考纲解读热点考点难点专题11定语从句.pdf（11页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。

1、专题 11 定语从句 【2015 年高考考纲解读】 定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句 中的运用。主要考点有： 来源学 科 网 关系代词which 引导的非限制性定语从句； 关系副词where 引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)； “ 介词关系代词” 引导的非限制性定语从句； as引导的非限制性定语从句。 【重点、难点剖析】 一、定语从句与并列句的区别 请观察下面三个句子： 1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappoint

2、ed his mother. 2Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother. 3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother. 第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信 息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which； 第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指

3、代前面句子的内 容。 第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。 【解题技巧】 判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分 号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句， 应该使用关系词。 二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择 “介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子， 填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。 1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ wh

4、ich he went on to Cambridge. 2This is the farm _ which he worked two years ago. 3In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help. 第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句 中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。 第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm ( “在农场”为“ on the farm

5、”) ， 句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。 第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help ”，因此此处用介词to 。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。 因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手： 1句子的意思；2. 先行词的意义；3. 从句中的动词固定搭配。 【特别提醒】 注意 way(方式 ) 后接定语从句时的引导词。 先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中 作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导 ( 作宾语时

6、，引导词也可以省略) 。比较： The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语 ) The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语) 三、引导词as, which的区别 1引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：

7、 (1) 表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which 。 He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。 来源: 学 ,科, 网Z,X,X,K She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be. 她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。 (2) 当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 2限制性定语从句中有

8、such, the same时，其后常用as 引导定语从句 (the same后也可用that ，但 意义不一样 ) 。 He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. 他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。 This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。 3as 引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which 既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以 指代先行词。 The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流

9、经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。( 不用 as) 4as 常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect 等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事 ) 等句子中。 He was absent from school, as is often the case. 他缺课了，这是常事。 四、分隔定语从句 一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这 样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入 部分当先行词。 I was the only

10、person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person 而不是 office) 五、关系代词和关系副词的区别 当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。 要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分( 如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或 where，否则用that 或 which) ，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整( 补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引 导词在从句中所作的成分) ，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。 1Do you still remember the c

11、hicken farm _ we visited three months ago? 分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断 出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此填关系代词that/which。 2In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. 分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据 此

12、可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。 3Some pre school children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs. 分析：把从句补充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”， 据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。 【解题技巧】 遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。( 关代：关系代词；关副： 关系副词

13、 ) 在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可 以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。 Is that the small town you often refer to? Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. 分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know 的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know 是插入语， 解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one _ I used to work for years，这样考生就很 容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语

14、，故用关系副词where。 【特别探究】 表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点 的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum ，而是已经模糊化的词语，如：activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄 清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。 【特别提醒】 point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where 来引导，只有当引导词

15、在从句中作 状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。 六、定语从句用法的其他要点 ( 一) 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略 ( 二) 定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致 当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先 行词保持一致。 1one of 复数名词关系代词复数形式动词。如： The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。 2the only one of复数名

16、词关系代词单数形式动词。如： The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。 Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。 3当关系代词as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as 与 which 作主语，则从句

17、 的谓语动词用单数形式。如： Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. 众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。 He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy. 他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。 4其他情况。如： I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you. 我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。 ( 三) 注意 way 和 time 后接的定语

18、从句的情况 1当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法” ) 时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如： What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. 最让我吃惊的不是他的话，而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较： The way he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他向我们解释句子的

19、那种方法不难理解。 2先行词是ti me时， 若 time 作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that 引导定语从句，that可省略；若 time 作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词 at/duringwhich 引导定语从句。如： This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家。 This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 曾经有一个时期

20、，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。 【高考真题回顾】 1(2014 北京卷 )I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me. 2 (2014 福建 卷 )Students should involve themselves in community activities_they can gain experience for growth. 3(2014 湖南卷 )I am looking forward to the day _ my da

21、ughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 4(2014 重庆卷 )Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year. 5(2014 四川卷 )Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected. 6(2014 安徽卷 )The exact year_Angela and her family spent

22、 together in China was 2008. 来源 学& 科&网 Z&X&X&K 7(2014 陕西卷 )Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position. 8(2014 天津卷 )English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _uses it differently. 9(2014 山东卷 )A company_profits from home markets are decli

23、ning may seek opportunities abroad. 10. (2014江西卷 )Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. 11(2013 北京， 27)Many countries are now setting up national parks_animals and plants can be protected. AwhenBwhich C whose D where 12(2013 福建， 27)The book tells stories

24、 of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected. Awhose Bthat Cwho Dwhich 13(2013 湖南， 21)Happiness and success often come to those_are good at recognizing their own strengths. Awhom Bwho Cwhat Dwhich 14 (2013 江苏，22)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China ，

25、_he remembers starting as early as his childhood. Awhere Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen 15(2013 辽宁， 34)He may win the competition ，_he is likely to get into the national team. Ain which case Bin that case Cin what case Din whose case 16(2013 陕西，16)_ is often the case with children ， Amy was better by the time t

26、he doctor arrived. AIt BThat CWhat D As 17(2013 四川， 9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment_they live. Awhat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere 18(2013 天津， 6)We have launched another man made satellite，_is announced in todays newspaper. Athat Bwhich Cwho Dwhat 19(2013 新课标， 4)When I arrived ，Brya

27、n took me to see the house_I would be staying. Awhat Bwhen Cwhere Dwhich 20(2013 重庆， 24)John invited about 40 people to his wedding ，most of _ are family members. A them Bthat Cwhich Dwhom 【高频考点】 考点 1、关系代词which 引导的定语从句 【例 1】 Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outsid

28、e world. 【举一反三】 The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected. 【变式探究】That evening，_ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late. Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen 【变式探究】It is the third time that she has won the race ，_ has surprised us all. Athat B

29、where Cwhich D what 【变式探究】The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. Ain it Bin Cin that Din which 【方法技巧】 that，which 代表物，区别且听我来述； 先行若是不定代，that 就把 which 踹； 先行词前有两数，就用that 定无误； 先行词前最高级，还用that 必无疑； 句中若有there be，that 应把 which 替； 先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里。 考点 2、whose引导的定语从句 【例 2】

30、 I wish to thank Professor Smith ， without _ help I would never have got this far. Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich 【变式探究】The old temple _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair. Awhere Bwhich Cits Dwhose 【方法技巧】 1whose 引导的定语从句 来源 :Zxxk.Com whose 在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词 )的” 。whose 既可以指人也可以指 物。 (1

31、)表示物时相当于“ the 名词 ofwhich ” 或 “ of which the名词 ” 。 (2)表示人时相当于“ the 名词 ofwhom ”或 “ of whomthe名词 ” 。 2whose 引导的定语从句与并列句的区别 whose 引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词its，their 的并列句混淆。如： China has the 3rd longest river in the world ，whose name is the Yangze River.(定语从句 ) China has the 3rd longest river in the world ，and its

32、name is the Yangze River.(并列句 ) 考点 3、where 引导的定语从句 【例 3】Many countries are now setting up national parks _ animals and plants can be protected. 【举一反三】He wrote a let ter _ he explained what had happened in the accident. 【变式探究】Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important a

33、s sales skills. Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere 【变式探究】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator，_ it will keep for two or three weeks. Awhen B which Cwhere Dwhile 【方法技巧】 不是地点胜似“ 地点 ”“模糊化的地点” 要用关系副词where 高考试题中对于where 的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“ 地点 ” 转为 “ 模糊化的地点” 。事实上，对 于 where 这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先行词是表示某物的sit

34、uation/case，到了何种地步(point) ，或某事 物所发展的阶段stage，或表达某事的某个方面(scene)时，都可用where。 They have reached the_point_where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complains have resulted in changes in the law.(where i n the cases)

35、 消费者的抱怨导致法律的改变的案例将在本章稍后向读者介绍。 这些不是地点胜似“ 地点 ” 的名词的归属问题即当不当“ 地点 ” 看是解答这类定语从句的关键。 考点 4、as 引导的定语从句 【例 4】 The air quality in the city ， _ is shown in the report ， has improved over the past two months. Athat Bit C as D what 【变式探究】 A lot of language learning ， _ has been discovered， is happening in the fi

36、rst year of life ， so parents should talk much to their children during that period. Aas Bit Cwhich Dthis 【方法技巧】 as 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式 (1) such名词 as.像 一样的，像 之类的 the same名词 as.和 同样的 其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如： We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as 作主语 ) These h

37、ouses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as 作宾语 ) He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as 作表语 ) 注意： such.as. 引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区别： 定语从句 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。 状语 从句 他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。 第一个句子中as引导的是定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二个句子中that 引导的是状语从句，从 句中不缺任何成分。 (2) such as. s

38、uch 为代词，意为“ 这样的人或物 ” ，as 在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。如： This book is not such as I expect. 这不是我想要的书。(as 作宾语 ) 考点 5、介词 +关系代词 【例 5】The children, all of _ had played the whole day long, were worn out. 【举一反三】 He may win the competition, _ case he is likely to get into the national team. 【变式探究】Care of the soul is

39、a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be conside red. Awhat Bin what Cwhich Din which 【变式探究】Julie was good at German，French and Russian，all of _ she spoke fluently. Awho Bwhom Cwhich Dthat 【变式探究】She showed the visitors around the museum ，the const ruction _ had taken more than th

40、ree years. Afor which B with which Cof which Dto which 【归纳总结】 如何选择 “ 介词关系代词” 中的介词 在“ 介词关系代词” 引导的定语从句中，介词的选择是关键，也是考生深感头痛之处。介词的选择可 依据以下原则： (1)根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。 I admire my English teacher very much from whom I learn a lot.(learn from sb为固定搭配 ) (2)根据定语从句中的动词习惯搭配来确定。 There are some people to whom you c

41、an turn.(turn to sb 为固定搭配 ) (3)根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。 He introduced me some reference books with which I am not very familiar.(be familiar with为固定搭配 ) (4)表示 “ 所属关系 ” 或“ 整体中的部分” 时用介词of。 She has seen many films， of which Kung Fu Panda is her favo rite. (5)有一些动词短语不能拆开，如pay attention to，look after ，take care o

42、f 等。 【能力突破】 难点 1、分割定语从句 【例 1】 After the flooding ， people were suffering in that area ，_ urgently needed clean water ， medicine and shelter to survive. Awhich Bwho Cwhere Dwhat 【例 2】 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，_，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society. Awhich Bwho Cwhere

43、 Dwhom 【例 3】 The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. Awhen B that Cwhere Dwhich 【拓展提高】 有时命题者为了加大试题难度，往往把定语从句融入到其他结构中考查考生的语言综合运用能力，其 常用的命题手段就是定语从句与先行词被某些句子成分分隔开，使考生分不清楚句子结构，从而误选选项。 四种 “ 分隔 ” 现象 (1)定语从句对主句结构的分隔 The country life he was used to has changed greatly sinc

44、e 1992. (2)同位语从句和先行词的分隔 Word came that our team had won. (3)定语从句和先行词的分隔 He was the only person in his office who was invited to the party. (4)连词和其所连接的分句的分隔 We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall ，while ，in fact，there were 40. 【高考预测】 1We have launched another man-made satellite, _ is an

45、nounced in todays newspaper. 2Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _ made one of the Chinese peoples long held dreams come true. 3The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, _ he remembers starting as early as his childhood. 4There is no simple answer, _ is

46、 often the case in science. 5. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live. 来源 学科网 ZXXK 6Williams shows some challenging means _ diners at their mystery lunch on Sunday might eat the special dish. 7My grandmother lived in a generation _ women were looked down upon. 8Most of my friends shop at the stores _ the goods are very cheap. 9Whether you like it or not, we live in a community _ online chatting is an important part of communication. 10The living standard of the people in China, _ is shown in the report, has improved over the past decades.