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1、初中英语语法总结(总复习) 第一节 名词与代词 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词的复数构成通常是在其后加s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh和大部分以o结尾的名词后加-es；以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词把“y”变成 “i”，再加-es。有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数： 名词的格可分为主格(作主语)，宾格(作宾语)和所有格(表示所有关系)。代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相
2、互代词，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。 名词的用法 可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式，例如：If a person disobeys the order，he will be punished severelyThe teacher firstly divided his students into four groupsThe reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular t
3、opicThese courses are especially designed for senior students有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women等。例如：Every fall geese f1y over the houseThe dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filledMrs. Smith has three childr
4、en，and Tonny is the youngest oneI think weve got mice in the kitchen有些名词的单复数形式是一样的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(缅甸)，Spanish (西班牙)，Lebanese (黎巴嫩)，Portuguese (葡萄牙)，Swiss(瑞士)sheep，deer，swine (猪)，fish，carp(鲤鱼)，salmon (鲑)，means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。例如：The best fish are near the bottomWhen th
5、ey got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural featuresI saw a white sheep running down the roadJudging by his language，he must be a Japanese在表示一类事物时，介词of后的名词要用复数形式。例如：Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the worldThe Animal Art Festival is being held at Sha
6、nghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATOs
7、 bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全体船员，乘务员)，crowd，faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人类)，militia(民兵)，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全体职员)等。例如：The president said the Ch
8、inese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复数，如：clothes
9、，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器)，belongings(所有物)，customs(海关)，goods(货物)，suburbs(郊区)，papers(文件)等；而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如：electronics(电子学)，mathematics(数学)，optics(光学)，politics，statistics(统计学)等。例如：The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronic
10、s which isnt his favorite sujectI love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。例如：The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los AngelesMother bought orang
11、es，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great windsHes having financial difficulties有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像：advice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，k
12、nowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsense，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，jewellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。例如：I must seek the advice of a specialist in the ma
13、tter of the transfer of property rightsHeadache is the most common disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括：communication(通讯)communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)，cloth(布)-clothes(衣服)，content(内容)-contents(目
14、录)，convenience(便利)-conveniences(便利设备), humanity(人类)-humanities(人文科学)，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，wood(木材)-woods(树林)，pain(疼痛)pains(辛劳)，ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟，遗迹)，sand(沙子)-sands(沙滩)，work(工作)-works(工厂，著作)等。例如：“Hometown” is one of Lu Xuns most famous worksThe insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for
15、the accidentMy child enjoys playing on the sandsNo pains，no gains有些名词只有复数形式。如：fundamentals(基本原则), goods(货物), means(方法) ,shorts(短裤)， sweets(欢乐), valuables(贵重物品)等。The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stabilityDont take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased fr
16、om him arent expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数。例如：Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。The Chinas Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，Youd better inform my family members before leaving for BeijingThe U
17、nited States and Germany are two member states of NATO.复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如：looker(s)-on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)，blood type(s)等。如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意
18、以man，woman构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。如：man-servantmen-servants, woman-soldierwomen-soldiers。例如：Would you bring me some dinner plates?We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers Dont regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstancesWe are of different blood types名词的所有格一般在词尾加 s，已有复数词尾-s的，只加。例如：We must
19、 work hard to fulfil the countrys plansThe school is within a stones throwNearby are her relatives housesCould you tell me the Smithss addres?名词所有格有时还可以和of构成短语，有以下两种情况：1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。 2)它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词，使句子表示某种情绪。例如：Several students of Lao Yangs acted in the play
20、We saw a play Guo Moros.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。I have some records of NaYings.2代词的用法 1)人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。例如：We havent seen each other for a long time since he went
21、 abroadLet you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever youve heard.2)物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her(指国家或轮船)。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与of连用可作定语：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。例如：Tonny is an old friend of mineMy d
22、ormitory is next to yours，and Marys is on the third floorTitanic sank with her several thousand passengersNext time its on my treat3)反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。例如：These children are too young to take care
23、of themselvesDont worry，he will be himself again soonAlthough Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a kind man in himselfYou should be responsible for yourself4)相互代词表示相互关系，有：each other(两者之间)和one another(多者之间)。例如：I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each otherWe should learn from o
24、ne another and make progress together，5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要与a连用。例如：Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the pastThe money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public healthI want to k
25、now this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday?His future is closely bound with that of the company。You shouldnt trust on such a person who never keeps his promise6)疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主语和表语；whom作宾语，whose，what，which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一
26、般用单数。Who will see to this matter?Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work?It is hard to decide whose is better.Whats on your schedule? Which university did he enter at last?7)关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who(m)代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有a11，so
27、mething，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。例如：Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effortThe factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are womenHe promised to tell us all that he knewWhose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)连接代词有：what，who，who
28、nl，whose，which，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever为复合代词。例如：I didnt know what to do at that very momentThe government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of moneyWhomever I worry about is none of your businessTake whichever you like，please第二节形容词与副词 形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较
29、级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。 1形容词与副词的用法形容词中有词形相近的，也有词义相近的，应注意区别。如：1)behind(在后的)-hind(后部的)，considerate(周到的，体贴的)-considerable(应考虑的)，eminent(闻名的)-imminent(紧迫的)，gracious(亲切的)-graceful(优雅的)，like(有生命的)-alive(活的)，industrious(勤劳的)-industrial(工业的)，like(同样的)-alike(
30、同样的，仅作表语)，opposite(相对的)-opposing(反对的)，perspective(透视的)-respective(各自的)，sensitive(伤感的)-sensible(明显的)，etc，。例如：We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs. Yan is really considerateProfessor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to usAs any one knows that we use our front teeth for
31、 biting and our hind teeth for chewingIts a considerable success for him2)elemental(初步的)-fundamental(基本的)，eligible(合格的)-capable(能干的)，flexible(灵活的)-changeable(可改变的)，initial(最初的)-preliminary(初步的，预备的)，slack(松弛的)-lazy(懒惰的)，valueless(无价值的)-priceless(无价的)，vivid(生动的)一living(活的)，etc。例如：Henrys speech was so
32、vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitudeWe have finished the preliminary examYour suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully3)有些词尾为-ly的并非副词，而是形容词，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(现世的)，leisurdy(空闲的)，weekly，yearly，ma
33、nly(丈夫气概的)，brotherly，friendly等。例如：What a lovely girl Jenny isShe is always ready to help othersChina Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly oneHe is a very friendly young manAs he didnt have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems以下情况形容词常用于后置：1)形容词短语，即形容词+副词，介词短语或不定式。2) 一些表语性形容词要
34、后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc, 。3)形容词修饰不定代词something，anything，everything时要后置。例如：There was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11For this reason，as well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable I came across another question hard to
35、 answer thenI wondered if there was a room available副词的位置为：修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面；放在系动词和助动词之后，行为动词和分词之前。例如：I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward trainThe old law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.I can hardly believe that he is the murdererAlthough he
36、has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win2比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为：单音节词一般在词尾加-er和-est。如果以-e结尾，仅加-r和-st；如末尾仅有一个辅音字母，须双写词尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y结尾的，把y变i，加-er，-est；多音节单词和双音节词(其中包括由分词和分词演变而来的形容词，如：known，worn，wounded，shocking，striking，interesting，ect, 则在其前加more和most；有些形容词的比较级和最高级是
37、不规则的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容词没有比较级形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utt
38、er，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如：Mary is the best student in the classFurther negotiation will be conducted next monthThe food we have is sufficient.Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样，单音节的以在词尾加-er和-est构成，多音节的以加more和most的方法构成；有些比较特殊，如：wellbetter-best，badly-worse-worst，much
39、-more-most，little-less-least。以-ly结尾的副词，在其前面加more，most, 例如：Tonny runs most quickly than any other students in the classWhich do you like best，Thorn Birds，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation?I prefer less sugar in the milkShe gets more income every month than her husband 形容词和副词的原级比较由as+形容词或副词(或后跟名
40、词或短语)+as构成，“asas前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times等词修饰。否定式中not后面的as可改为so。例如：Running for fifteen minutes will burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutesHenan province is several times as large as ShanghaiJimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his fatherGetting rid of a bad h
41、abit isnt so simple as taking it up形容词和副词的比较级形式为：“形容词(副词)比较级+than+”，应注意than前后相比较的人或物要一致。比较级前可以跟even，much，still等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。例如：Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about meSound travels faster through water than throughI airThe economic development in South China is faster
42、than that in North ChinaMy books are much more than Li Pings形容词和副词的最高级的形式分别为：“the+形容词最高级十名词+范围表达”和“副词最高级+名词+范围表达”，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加the。例如：Our foreign exchange reserve didnt decline despite the worst flood in sixty yearsI finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected应注意以下表达式的含义：the sameas(和一样
43、)，no less than(不少于)，not less than(只有)，had better(最好)，less than(不到)，more or less(或多或少)，other than(除了)，rather than(而不是)，the morethe more/less(越就越)例如：I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowedYou had better finisll your homework
44、today for the teacher will collect it tomorrowWe have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less than the amount we orderedThe visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much 第三节 从句 从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句
45、的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。1定语从句 限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如：The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830The second half of his voyage was by far the more da
46、ngerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn 代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等词时，用that而不用which，that作宾语可省略。例如：I care anything that has something to do with it Youd better do something he prefers to do to please him That is the last time we met each otherI came across the woman you tol
47、d me about yesterdaywho和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when用来表示时间。whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如:Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower legThe next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discoveryThe visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department在下列情况，限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略：1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语；或它们在从句中作介词的宾语，而该介词又在句末时；2)当先行词是that，all，only，everythin