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1、学习必备欢迎下载 专题_动词时态 时态是一种动词形式，它是“ 时” 和“ 体” 的组合。 “ 时” 有现在、过去、将来、过去将来之分；“ 体” 有 一般、进行、完成、完成进行之别。动词的动作可发生于四种不同的时间，表现四种不同的“ 体” ，每一 种“ 时+体” 就构成一种时态。所以英语动词共有（4 4）十六种时态，高中英语教学大纲中要求掌握的只 有八种： 一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成 时，过去将来时。另外现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。 动词时态表表-1 动作 时间 一般进行完成完成进行 现在一般现在时 I work.
2、现在进行时 I am working. 现在完成时 I have worked 现在完成进行时 I have been working 过去 一般过去时 I worked. 过去进行时 I was working. 过去完成时 I had worked. 过去完成进行时 I had been working. 将来 一般将来时 I will work. 将来进行时 I will be working. 将来完成时 I will have worked. 过去将来一般过去将来时 I would work. 过去将来进行时 I would be working. 过去将来完成时 I would h
3、ave worked. 【一般体】 时态用法例句 一 般 现 在 时 一般现在时是不受时间限制的客观存在，指经常发 生的动作或存在的状态。 1.表示现状，性质，状态，表示经常性或习惯性的 动作，且常与表示频率的时间状语连用。 John sometimes gets up very late. Children in general are fond of sweets. We have meals three times a day. 2.表示客观真理，科学事实。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Water boils at 100
4、 . 3.谈论按计划或时间表安排的活动。The plan takes off at 5:00 a.m 4.用在 if, unless, even if 引导的条件状语从句中， 由when, before, until, as soon as, the moment, once 引 导 的 时 间 状 语 从 句 中 ， 由no matter what/who/which/when引导的让步状语从句中， 用一般现在时表将来。 If it rains tomorrow, well put off the basketball match. I will go with you as soon as
5、 I finish my work. The moment he comes , I will tell him about it. Dont try to run before you begin to walk. Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. Work harder and youll pass the exam. 一 般 过 去 时 过去某个特定时间发生，也可以表示过去习惯性的 动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说 明过去。一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从 句连用，如： yesterday, last week, i
6、n 1993, at that time, once, during the war, just now, years/days ago, when 。 The police stopped me on my way home last night. They werent able to come because they were so busy. I didn t know you were in Paris. 一 般 将 来 时 1.be going to + 动词原形表示 “ 计划打算要做某 事” She is going to speak on TV this evening. 2
7、.will+ 动词原形 (1) (按自然规律 )必然会 (2) 表示说话人认为，相信，希望，假定（在遥远 的）将来要发生的事情。 (3)（科技中）表示事物的倾向性或规律性。 (4) 用在正式的天气预报中。 He will be thirty years old next year. Tomorrow will be Sunday. I believe China will become one of the richest countries in the world. Oil and water will not mix. There will be rain tomorrow. Fog w
8、ill persist in this area. 3.be about to + 动词原形 即将，正要做。表示“ 立即的将来 ” Look! The race is about to start. I was (just) about to explain when she interrupted me. 4.be to + 动词原形 (1)表示按计划，安排即将发生的动作， (2)还可表示（按命令，指示，约定，要求，职责， 义务等） 必须， 要求， 应该， 相当于 should，ought to， must，have to。 (3)表示后来命运注定会发生 (4)(用于条件句 )想，想要 A
9、new bridge is to be built over the river soon. You are to do your homework before you watch TV. If you are to pass the exams, you ll have to study harder from now. 5.用现在进行时表将来。表示位置转移的动词（如： go, come, leave, start, arrive 等） ，可用现在进行时 表示将来时 . Uncle Wang is coming. Theyre leaving for Beijing. 一 般 过 去 将
10、来 时 1.表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作 或存在的状态。 过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接 引语中。 I didnt know if he would come. 2.过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。此 时，不管什么人称，一律用would。 Whenever he had time ，he would do some reading. I would play with him when I was a child. 学习必备欢迎下载 【进行体】 时态用法例句 现 在 进 行 时 （1）表示现在 ( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。We are waiting for yo
11、u. （2）习惯进行： 表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作 未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. 3）已经确定或安排好的将来活动Im leaving for a trek in Nepal next week. Were flying to Paris tomorrow. （4）可用来表示现在进行时的时间状语，常用的有： now, this week, at this moment 等；或者告诉你一个准确的现在 时间，或者用look, listen 提醒听者注意正在
12、发生的事。 They are playing basketball now. Listen! She is singing an English song （5）往往含有赞赏， 厌恶， 遗憾等情绪， 表示反复出现的 习惯性动作，常与always，continually, constantly 连用。 He is always thinking of others first. He is always making the same mistake. （6）有些动词（状态动词）不用于进行时态 表示知道 :believe, doubt, forget, imagine, know, rememb
13、er, realize, suppose, understand 表示 “ 看起来 ”“看上去 “appear, resemble, seem 表示喜爱或不喜爱hate ,like, lover, prefer 表示构成或来源的动词be, come, from., contain, include 表示感官的动词hear, see, smell, sound, taste 表示拥有的动词belong to, need, own, possess, want, wish 过 去 进 行 时 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。 其形式为was /were + V-ing。常与表示过
14、去的时间状语连 用，如： last night, last Saturday 等；或者与when, while, as 引导的过去时间状语连用。 We were having supper when the phone rang. They arrived while I was cooking. 将来 进行 时 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作常用的时间状语有this evening ， on Sunday, by this time tomorrow, tomorrow evening 等等。 它表示的是一种客观的制约，而不是主观意愿。 This time next day they wil
15、l be sitting in the cinema. By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. At seven this evening I will be watching the news programmes on TV. 【完成体】 时态用法例句 现 在 完 成 时 (1) 一个发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影 响，这时说话者的重心在过去的事情对现在 产生的影响。常用状语有，already, just, yet, never, before(adv) ,lately, recently 。等。 （对比 例句中的时态） I ha
16、ve never heard that word before. He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. He wrote many plays when he was at college. He has written many plays. Have you talked with her recently? I have just bought a new house. I have never lost the weight I put on in my teens. They haven t finished yet. (2) 一个动作开始
17、于过去，持续到现在 （也许 还将持续下去） 。常用时间状语有：in the last/past few days /years, since+ 过 去 时 间 （then） /过去时的句子, up to now, by now, till now, so far ，for+一段时间，等。 In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. He has written 8 books so far. I have been here since the end of June. She has earned
18、 her living since she was 10. Up to now she has been very kind to us. He has served in the army for 5 years. （3）瞬间动作用于现在完成时，不能与表示 一段时间的时间状语连for,since 连用。 He has joined the party . He has joined the party for two years.( 错误 ) 分析 die, dead; get married, be married (4) This / It is the first / second t
19、ime + that 从句。 that 从句一般用现在完成时， 如果把前边的is 改为 was，则 that 从句用过 去完成时。 It is / has been + 一段时间+ since 从句。 since 从句中用过去时。 This is the first time that I have come here. It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. It is almost twenty years since the war ended. It has been ten years since they w
20、ere last here. 过 去 完 成 时 （1） 过去完成时表示过去某个动作之前完成 的 动 作 即 过 去 的 过 去 ， 这 个 时 间 可 以 用 before 等介词短语或一个时间状语来表示， 也可以通过上下文来表示 另外 years/days before 从过去某个时间点 算起的若干年/ 天前，必须有个过去时间点 作参照点。 He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan. When the police arrived, the thief had run away. I visited him two days ago,
21、but he had gone to London five days before. （试分析） (2)表示从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到过 去的另一个时间的动作，常用时间状语有： by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time+ 从句等。 By then he had learned for 3 years. Until then he had known nothing about it yet. By nine o clock last night, we have received ten calls from my friends
22、. 学习必备欢迎下载 过 去 完 成 时 (3)含有 When 和 until 的复合句中， 如果主从 句中的过去动作，不是同时发生，那么先发 生的用过去完成时。 She didn t go to bed until she had finished the work. (4)在主句的谓语动词是过去时的宾语从句 中，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 He said that he had known her well. I thought I had sent the letter a week before. (5) Hardly had done when /before ; No so
23、oner had done than when 和than 从 句 里 用 一 般 过 去 时 ， 表 示 “ 刚 刚 就” 。 Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. (6)表示愿望、打算一类的词， 如： hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等， 其过去完成时表示过去未增实现的愿望或意 图。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. I had meant to help you, but I
24、 was too busy at the moment. I had thought you would come tomorrow. (7)在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中 用一般过去时代替过去完成时。（如果两个动 作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时。） After he (had )left the room, a thief came in . We arrived home before it rained. 将 来 完 成 时 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持 续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将 来时间连用，也可与before 或 by th
25、e time 短 语引导的现在时的从句连用 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. We will have learned 12 units by the end of this term. By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 【完成进行体】 时态用法例句 现在 完成 进行 时 （1） 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时
26、开始一 直持续到现在的动作，并且还有可能持续下 去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. I have been learning English since three years ago. （2） 表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的 动作。 We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 注意： 一有关when 的时态用法 When 分句有时并不是充当时间状语从句来修饰前面的主句，倒是前面的主句为when 分句提供了时间 背景。 句型例句 1 was/were d
27、oing + when 从句He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in 2. was/were about to d o + when 从句We were about to start when it began to rain. 3 .had done + when 从句I had fallen asleep when the bell rang. 二一般过去时和想现在完成时的区别 区别例句 一般过去时所表示的过去时间是具体确定的，与其他时间 段没有牵连 We visited a power station l
28、ast week. (只说明上周参观电站这个事实。) 现在完成时所表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的相对现 在而言以前的某个或某段时间，它所表示的事 情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情对现在的影 响或产生的结果。 We have visited a power station. (说明现在对电站有所了解。) 非延续性动词不能用于“ 现在完成时+ 表示一段时间的状语” 的句型中。这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的 终止性动词。例如： arrive, c
29、ome be here, be in begin, start be on buy have die be dead fall asleep(ill) be asleep (ill) finish, end be over get to know know get up be up 三现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 区别例句 现在完成时强调动作产生的结果或影响；现在 完成进行时强调的是一段时间内某项活动的 持续性，强调的是动作本身。 现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，现在完 成时一般不表示重复性。 I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。 I have been
30、 thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。 Have you been meeting him recently. 你最近经常和他见 面吗？ Have you me him recently. 你最近见到他了吗？ 四现在完成时和过去完成时的区别 区别例句 1.现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某 动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持 续到现在的动作。 2.过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两个动 作的先后有别，表达的是“ 过去的过去 ” ，即比 过去发生的某动作都还要“ 过去 ” ，两个动作中 先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一 I have cleaned the c
31、lassroom . （强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了！） We have lived here for ten years. （“ 住” 从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时） We have lived here since we came here. （“ 住” 是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时） Mr. Green had lived in New York for ten years before he 学习必备欢迎下载 般过去时。 运用过去完成时的句子往往有两个 过去的时间或动作。 came to China. . (“来” 中国已过去，而先前“ 住” 在纽约更过去！ ） （另外
32、 注意： “ 住” 在纽约可没有持续到现在哟！） We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term. （ “ 上期期末 ” 已过去，而是在其前“ 学” 的就更过去 了！ ） 专题 _动词的语态主动和被动 一被动语态的构成随着时态和人称变化 体 时 一般进行完成完成进行 现在is/am/are done is/am/are being done have/has been done have/has been being done 过去was/were done was/were being done had been done had been
33、 being done 将来will/shall be done will/shall be being done will/shall have been done will/shall have been being done 过去将来would/should be done would/should be being done would/should have been done would/should have been being done 二被动语态的基本用法 用法例句 1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明动作的 执行者。 He insisted that measure
34、s should be taken. 2.注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态, 切不可 丢掉后面的介词或副词 The doctor has been sent for. Time must be made good use of. Bad habits have been done away with. 3.get + 过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。She got married last week. The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got killed. 三、主动语态表被动意义的用法 用法例
35、句 连 系 动 词 系 动 词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词 /名词构成系 表结构。 The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad. 不 及 物 动 词 表示主语内在的品质或性能的不及物动 词。如 read, write, cut, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock,
36、shut, dry,。 这类动词 一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。 Your speech reads well. Your pen writes smoothly. This coat dries easily. His book does not sell. The cloth washes well. Nylon cleans easily. This material has worn thin. The engine won t start. The door won t lock./open. This knife cuts well. The recorder won t pla
37、y. This material tears e asily. The noodles are cooking. 不 定 式 的 主动 表 被动 1.不定式在easy，difficult等形容词之后 作状语时， 且不定式与句子的主语有逻辑 上的动宾关系时，不定式常用主动表被 动，且不定式的宾语必须省略。 The girl is easy to get along with. The problem is difficult to work out. 2.若作定语的不定式与其所修饰的名词 之间存在动宾关系，并且与句子主语之间 存在主谓关系，用主动形式表示被动含 义。 I have a lot o
38、f work to do. She has something to say. 3.某些作表语用的不定式，强调出租，责 备解雇等。此类常见的动词有：let，rent, hire, blame 等。 Am I to blame? The house is to let. 动名 词的 主动 形式 表被 动 在 need, want, require, deserve 等动词后， 用动名词的主动形式表被动，也可以用不 定式的被动形式。 The matter wants looking into. =The matter wants to be looked into. 在形容词worth 后，用动名
39、词的主动形式 表示被动； 但可以用be worthy to be done 或 be worthy of being done. The film is worth seeing. = The film is worthy to be seen/ of being seen. 介词 in, on, under 等 + 名 词 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合 用，含被动之义， 其意义相当于该名词相 应的被动形式，名词前不用冠词。under control，under treatment， under repair， under discussion ， under construction
40、， beyond belief，beyond one s reach，beyond one s control， for sale， for rent， in print ( 在 印刷中 )， on sale， on show (展出 )， on trial (受审 )，out of control ，out of sight，out of one s reach The building is under construction (is being constructed). The rumor is beyond belief ( = can t be believed ). That
41、house is for sale. ( = That house is to be sold.) The book is not yet in print ( = is not yet printed ). Today some treasures are on show in the museum ( = are being showed). The plane was out of control (can t be controlled). 1.句子谓语动词为give, send, show, lend, pay, tell, hand, bring, get, make, leave
42、, pass We were shown all kinds of kites she had made. All kinds of kites she had made were shown to us. 学习必备欢迎下载 主动 语态 变被 动语 态 等，后面可接双宾语时，变其中一个宾语 为主语，多将表示人的间接宾语改为主 语，也可以将表示物的直接宾语改为主语 。间接宾语前通常要加介词to 或 for 。 2.短语动词改为被动语态时，短语中的介 词不可丢。 The poor is taken good care of by the government. 3.有些动词在主动语态中后接省略to 的 不定式作宾语补足语，在改为被动语态 时，不定式to 不能胜略。 A bird was seen to fly into the window.