新版上海牛津版七年级(上册)语法.pdf

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1、 . . 学习参考 新版上海牛津版七年级上册语法 一、知识点 (一)特殊疑问词 特殊疑问句 :以疑问代词 what, who, whose, which或疑问副词 when, where, why, how 等放在 句首提问的句子, 叫特殊疑问句。 答句必须针对问句中的疑问词来回答,疑问词分为疑问代词和疑 问副词。 一、特殊疑问词 ( 一) 疑问代词 who/whom/whose/what/which 1. who, whom, whose 只能指人 who常作主语或宾语; whom 作宾语,可用 who替代; whose常作定语或表语。 eg: Who taught you math las

2、t year? (主语) Whom did you see? (宾语) Whose father works in Shenzhen? (定语) 2. what 用来询问物或数量,用来询问人时涉及人的职业,身份或外貌。如: What would you like to eat today? 你今天想吃什么? What is your mother ? 你妈妈是干什么的? 3. which 用来询问人或物,一般有特定的选择范围。如: Which is your sister of the two girls? 那两个姑娘中哪个是你姐姐? ( 二) 疑问副词 常用的疑问副词有: where, wh

3、en, why, how以及 how引伸的一些疑问词组,如:how much (many), how long, how old, how far, how often, how soon等。他们在句中通常作状语,可表时间,方 式,原因等。如: When will you come back? 你什么时候回来? Where did you put your mobile phone? 你把手机放哪 Why are you late? 你为什么迟到? How long did you stay in Beijing? 你在北京呆了多久? 二、不定冠词 1. 不定冠词是 a/an ,一般放在名词之

4、前。 a 用于以辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的单词前,an用于 以元音(不是元音字母)开头的单词前。如: . . 学习参考 a boy 一个男孩 a European country 一个欧洲国家 an island 一座岛屿 an hour 一小时 2. 不定冠词的用法 (1) 用在可数名词的单数形式前面 *表示一类事物或人中的任何一个。如: There is an island over there. 那儿有一座岛 Be sure to bring me a dictionary. 一定要给我带本字典来。 *表示一类事物或人, a/an 在此处不用翻译。如: An ear is an orga

5、n for listening. 耳朵是听觉器官。 A tiger is a wild animal. 老虎是一种野生动物。 (2) 用在专有名词前面,表示“一个”、“一种”、“一类”或“一个类似.的”。如: That city is a Venice in China. 那座城市是中国的威尼斯。 1. 容易弄错的单词总结 an hour 一个小时an honest boy一个诚实的男孩a university一座大学 a uniform一件制服an unusual watch一块不寻常的手表a useful book一本有用的书 a umbrella一把雨伞an uncle一位叔叔 (二)一

6、般现在时: 表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、表示主语具备的性格和能力等。与一般现在时连 用的时间状语: often , always , sometimes ,usually , every day/ week/ year 等。 一般现在时的构成: (be 动词型 ) 肯定句:主语 am/is/are 其它成分(名词、形容词、介词短语) He is an engineer. 否定句:主语 am/is/are not其它成分 They are not in the library. 一般疑问句: Am/ Is /Are+主语其它成分 ? Is it a tall tree? Yes, it

7、 is. / No, it isnt. 一般现在时的构成: ( 实义动词型 ) 肯定句:主语 ( 除第三人称单数 ) 动词原形其它成分 I get up at six every day . . . 学习参考 主语( 第三人称单数 )动词 s/es 其它成分 My father usually goes to work by bus. 否定句:主语 ( 除第三人称单数 ) dont 动词原形其它成分 I don t like swimming. 主语( 第三人称单数 )doesnt 动词原形其它成分 The old man doesn t like playing cards . 一般疑问句:

8、 Do +主语(除第三人称单数 ) 动词原形其它成分 ? Do the boys often go swimming in summer? Yes, they do. / No, they dont. 主语为第三人称单数 Does+主语动词原形其它成分? Does she brush her teeth every day? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt. 主语是第三人称单数时 , 行为动词的变化规则如下: 1、一般动词在词尾加 -s, 如: helps, makes, gets , swims,knows, plays等 2、以 s, x ,ch,sh 或

9、o 结尾的动词在词尾加 -es ,如 dresses ,washes,catches ,does 等 3、以辅音字母 +y结尾的动词,先变y 为 i ,再加 -es , 如 fly-flies,study- studies等 play-plays enjoy-enjoys (四)名词: 名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词 表示可以用数字进行计算的名词,不可数名词表示不能用数字进行计算的。可数名词有单复数形 式,若要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念,需使用名词的单数形式。表示名词的单数时,要 在名词前面加上冠词a 或 an. 若要表示两个或两个以上的

10、概念时,要用到名词的复数形式。 My younger sister has a job in a store. 我妹妹在商店工作。 She has two jobs.她打两份工。 (一) 、可数名词与不可数名词 可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词 表 示 单 个 人 和 事表 示 一 群 人 或 一表 示 物 质或 不 具表示动作、状态、 . . 学习参考 物。些事物的名称。备 形 状 和大 小 的 个体的物质。 品 质 或 其 他 抽 象 概念。 mother, flower, tree, bag people, police, family milk, rice, bre

11、ad English,water, money, news, weather, love 注: 集体名词做主语时, 谓语动词可以用单数, 也可以用复数 , 如果强调整体用单数, 强调个体或成 员, 则用复数 . The police are searching for him. The Chinese people are brave and hardworking. (二) 、名词复数形式变化: (1)规则变化 1)一般变化,在名词后加 -s ,如: bookbooks; bag bags 2) 以 s, x, ch, sh结尾的名面,加 -es ,如: busbuses; box boxe

12、s; watch watches; wish wishes; glassglasses 3) 以辅音字母加 -y 结尾的单词,变 y 为 i 再加-es ,如: citycities; countrycountries; studystudies; familyfamilies 4) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的单词,有些将f 或 fe 变为 v, 再加-es; 有些只加 -s : wifewives; knife knives; wolf wolves; thief thieves; shelf shelves; myself myselves; lifelives; halfhalves; l

13、eafleaves; roofroofs; chief chiefs; beliefbeliefs; proof proofs; handkerchief handkerchiefs/handerchieves(手帕头巾 ) 5) 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加 -s ,有些加 -es 。如: hero heroes; Negro Negroes; potatopotatoes; tomatotomatoes ( 两人两菜 ) photo photos; radioradios; pianopianos; studiostudios; bamboo bamboos; zero zeros/zero

14、es; ()不规则变化 child children; footfeet; toothteeth; goosegeese; mousemice; man men; woman women 注意:由一个词加man或 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式同上。 . . 学习参考 EnglishmanEnglishmen; Frenchman frenchmen; 但 German Germans(不是合成词 ) ()单复数同形 deer; sheep; fish; Chinese; Japanese ()有些名词只用复数形式: clothes(衣服 ); pants(短裤;裤子 ); jeans(

15、牛仔裤 ); shorts(短裤); glasses(眼镜); scissors(剪刀) 这类词常与 a pair of ; two pairs of 这样的短语连用 ()某些词虽以s 结尾,但仍为单数; a. maths, politics, physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数; b. news为不可数名词; c. the United States(the US); the United Nations(the UN) 应视为单数 ; (三) 、不可数名词只有单数形式。 物质名词通常属于不可数名词。如: 液体和气体: water; milk; air; 思想和感觉: bea

16、uty; love; hate 极小的物体: rice; salt; sand 学校科目: English; Maths; Art 四、一般现在时中,单数可数名词和不可数名词后要用动词的第三人称单数形式;可数名词复数 后要用动词原形。如: This orange comes from Germany. This coffee comes from Germany. These oranges come from Germany. 五、不可数名词的量词 物质名词的数量,一般用单位或容器的量表示,即“单位of 物质名词”的形式。 I had a bowl of soup and two cups

17、of tea just now. 我刚刚喝了一碗汤和两杯茶。 如 a piece of; a bottle of ; a glass of ; two cups of There be 句型: There be 句型与 have(has; had )的各种形式的区别 1、there be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人) There is a vase on the table. 2、在 there be 句型中,主语是单数, be 动词用 is ; 主语是复数, be 动词用 are ; 如有 几件物品, be 动词根据最邻近 be 动词的那个名词决定 , 即“就近一致”。 There is

18、a duck in the pond. There are some ducks in the pond. . . 学习参考 There is a ball and some toys on the floor. There are some balls and a toy on the floor. 3、 there be 句型的否定句在 be 动词后加 not , 一般疑问句把 be 动词提到句首。在 there be 句型的般疑问句中,如果可数名词的复数形式和不可数名词前没有别的修饰词,往往都要用any 来修饰。 There isn t s a vase on the table. Is

19、 there a vase on the table? -Is there a post office near here? -Yes, there is . -Are there any students in the classroom? -No, there arent. Are there any teachers from America in your school? Is there any rice in your bowl 4、there be 句型与 have(has) 的区别: there be 表示在某地有某物(或人) ;have(has) 表 示某人拥有某物。 I h

20、ave a lot of friends in the classroom. There are a lot of students in the classroom. 5、some 和 any 在 there be 句型中的运用 :some 用于肯定句 ,any 用于否定句或疑问句。 There is some water in the glass. There isn t any water in the glass. 6、and 和 or 在 there be句型中的运用: and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句。 There isn t a pen or two books on th

21、e desk. 7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语? -How many students are there in your school? -There are about two hundred (students in our school). 8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What s + 介词短语? There is a bird in the tree. What s in the tree? There are som

22、e bikes over there. What s over there? There is a little girl in the room. Who is in the room? 、There be 结构一般用在句子的开头,而have 等词只能用于某一个主语后面。 . . 学习参考 (五)一般将来时 一、概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 句中一般有以下时间状语: tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, the day after tomorrow(后天)等。 二、基本结构:分为两种: 1、will+ do.

23、 肯定句:主语 +will+ 动词原形 +其他 Peter will go to Nanning next week. 否定句:主语 +won t(will not的缩写 )+动词原形 +其他 Peter won t go to Nanning next week. 一般疑问句: will+ 主语+动词原形 +其他? Will Peter go to Nanning next week? 肯定回答: Yes, he will. 否定回答: No, he won t. 2、be going to + do 肯定句:主语 +am/is/are going to+动词原形 +其他 Peter is

24、going to go to Nanning next week. They are going to go to Nanning next week. I am going to go to Nanning next week. 否定句:主语 +am/is/are not going to+动词原形 +其他 Peter isnt going to go to Nanning next week. They aren t going to go to Nanning next week. I am not going to go to Nanning next week. 一般疑问句: Am/

25、Is/Are+ 主语+ going to+动词原形 +其他? Is Peter going to go to Nanning next week? Are they going to go to Nanning next week? Are you going to go to Nanning next week? 肯定回答: Yes, he is. 否定回答: No, he isnt. 注意: 一般疑问句中, be 或 will提到句首, some改为 any, and 改为 or, 第一二人称互换。 There is/are 句型中的将来时: . . 学习参考 There is going

26、 to be +其他 There will be+其他 (六) if条件从句 一条件状语从句的概念 条件状语从句,表示主句动作发生的条件。即在某种条件下,一件事情可能发生。 在英语中由连接词if或 unless等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件 事情实现之后(状语从句中),一件事情(主句)才能发生,通常译作“假如,只要, 如果”等意思。条件状语从句中,主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即,主句 是将来时态时,从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。 二. 条件状语从句的引导词 1. If conj . 如果,假如 If you ask him,he will help you如果你请他

27、帮忙,他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam,you will let him down 如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。 2. unless conj.除非 , 若不 , 除非在的时候(if .not.) You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. 如果你不早点动身, 你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨 , 比赛将照常进行。 3. so/as long as conj.只要 You may borrow m

28、y book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。 三关于条件句的时态,常见的有以下三种情况: 1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时,那么从句常常用一般现在时。 When I grow up, Ill be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。 2、如果主句是祈使句,那么从句通常要用一般现在时。 If you want to have a chat ,call me up. 如果你想聊天,打我电话。 (七)一般过去时 一、一般过去时的概念: . . 学习参考 一般过去时

29、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用, 如: last year, yesterday, in 1990, two days ago等;也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和 often, always等频率副词连用。 例如: I saw him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看见他了。 Li Mei always went to school on foot last year. 去年李梅总是步行上学。 二、一般过去时的构成: 1. be 动词的一般过去时的构成: 第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was, 其余人称用 were 例如:

30、I was ten years old at that time. There were many people standing in front of the door. 2. 实义动词的一般过去时的构成: (1) 规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则: 一般在动词原形末尾直接加上ed。 如:look- work- jump- stay- 以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词,直接加d。 如:live- close- dance- 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写这个辅音字母,再加ed。 如:stop- shop- prefer- 末尾是辅音字母加y 结尾的动词,先变y 为 i ,然后再加 ed

31、。 如:study- try- (2) 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。 . . 学习参考 如:am(is)- are- go- come- take- have(has)- 三、一般过去时的几种句型: (1) be动词的一般过去时的句型: 肯定句结构为:主语 +was / were+ 其它。 如:I was at home yesterday. They were really happy at the party. 否定句结构为:主语 +was not (wasn t) /were not (werent)+ 其它。 如:I wasn t at home yesterday. They we

32、rent happy at the party. 一般疑问句结构为: Was / Were+主语其它? 如:-Were you at home yesterday? -Yes, I was. / No, I wasnt. -Were they happy at the party? -Yes, they were. / No, they werent. 特殊疑问句结构为:疑问词was / were+ 主语其它? 如:-Where were you last night? -We were at my uncles house. -How was your weekend? -It was gr

33、eat. (2) 实义动词的一般过去时的句型: 肯定句结构为:主语 +动词的过去式 +其它。 如:He went to the toy store yesterday. We took some pictures in the park. 否定句结构为:主语 +did not (didnt)+ 动词原形 +其它。 如:He didnt go to the toy store yesterday. We didnt take any pictures in the park. . . 学习参考 一般疑问句结构为: Did+主语动词原形其它? 如:-Did you go to Beijing la

34、st week? -Yes, I did. / No, I didnt. -Did he meet the businessman before? -No, he didnt. / Yes, he did. 特殊疑问句结构为:疑问词did+ 主语动词原形其它? 如:-What did you do last night? -I did my homework. -Where did you go last week? -I went to Shanghai with my parents. (八)人称代词及物主代词 代词(人称代词 / B. a; the C. the; / D. the; a

35、 ( ) 7. Susan is good _ Chinese. And she likes _ music. A. in; listen B. in; listening C. at; listening to D. at; listen ( )8. The shoes are very nice. Can I _? A. try it on B. try on it C. try them on D. try on them ( ) 9. There is _ on the table. A. a bowl and two cups of tea B. two cups of tea an

36、d a bowl C. two cups of tea D. cups of tea ( )10 .- _ do you sleep every night? - More than 7 hours. A. How often B. How many C. How much D. How long ( )11. Is this ball, Joe? No, its not . A. your; my B. your; mine C. yours; my D. yours; mine ( )12. How do you like Shanghai, Joyce? - I think it s o

37、ne of _in the world. A. biggest city B. the biggest city C. the biggest cities D. big cities ( )13. Are you _ stamps? - Yes. I enjoy_stamps very much. A. keen on, collecting B. like, seeing C. love, to buy D. interested in, to collect ( ) 14. - _ a letter for you. It is from May. - Oh, I know. I wil

38、l _ it soon. A. There is, answer to B. Here is, reply to C. There is, reply D. Here is, answer to ( )15. Did you see_in Beijing? - Sure. A. something interesting B. anything interesting C. interesting anything D. interesting something ( )16.Lets_ waste time. There is going to be the final exam in tw

39、o weeks. . . 学习参考 A. dont B. not to C. not D. dont to ( )17. How many_ are there in your school? A. woman teacher B. woman teachers C. women teachers D. women teacher ( )18. . Don t forget to bring your umbrella. - Why? - Look at the clouds. It_ . A.rains B. is going to rain C. was raining D. is rai

40、ning ( )19. Shenzhen is_the south of China. A on B. in C. to D. at ( )20. .-Mike,I am so _ that I cant believe my eyes. -I agree with you. It is so_. A.surprise;surprised B.surprised;surprised C.surprising;surprised D.surprised;surprising ( )21. On Sundays Lily_ a dancing club and practises dancing

41、with her friends. A.attends B.assists C.comes D.discusses ( )22.I was_ at what he said. A.surprise B.surprising C.to surprise D.surprised ( )23. Only _ know it. A.I and he B.he and you C.he and I D.I and you ( )24. -What did you do yesterday? -Well, I_ a meeting and then had dinner with my friends.

42、A. joined B.attended C.took part D.join in ( )25. -Wow,China is so amazing!-Yeah!China is a big country _ a long history. A.with B.have C.has D.there is 1. 若不给自己设限,则人生中就没有限制你发挥的藩篱。2. 若不是心宽似海,哪有人生风平浪静。在纷杂的尘世里,为自己留下一片纯静的心灵空间,不管是潮起潮落,也不管是阴晴圆缺,你都可以免去浮躁,义无反顾,勇往直前,轻松自如地走好人生路上的每一步3. 花一些时间,总会看清一些事。用一些事情,总会看清一些人。有时候觉得自己像个神经病。既纠结了自己,又打扰了别人。努力过后,才知道许多事情,坚持坚持,就过来了。4.岁月是无情的,假如你丢给它的是一片空白,它还给你的也是一片空白。岁月是有情的,假如你奉献给她的是一些色彩,它奉献给你的也是一些色彩。你必须努力,当有一天蓦然回首时,你的回忆里才会多一些色彩斑斓,少一些苍白无力。只有你自己才能把岁月描画成一幅难以忘怀的人生画卷。

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