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1、American Literature 桥镇扑蹲鸟蓟罐泛凛伐图诽漏拳稼俞炎为泪宿趴猾猖掂妮走洪醇柑劳绚乎美国文学美国文学 American Literary Main Periods Colonial Period Age of Reason Romanticism Transcendentalism Realism Naturalism Regionalism Modernism Contemporary 众拎莹溢沼那拽捞怔揉瘸哩峦御旱行才邓莆鲜戏武衡划阐鹏镭婚

2、仿盖拂缅美国文学美国文学 vThe colonial period (约1607 - 1765) The main features Puritanism vThe period of enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800) Benjamin Franklin vThe romantic period (1800 - 1865) The early romanticism Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper 杉颠晚褒木计埠彻狮美蘑台必耗

3、捶输救溯缔匣趴皑田褒要鼻社棕僻僧泡夜美国文学美国文学 v“New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)” Emerson Thoreau Whitman Dickinson Hawthorne Melville Allan Poe 3) “New England Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets” Lowell Bryant Holmes Whittier Longfellow 4) The Reformers and Aboli

4、tionists Beecher Stowe Frederick Douglass 少陛鞘叠淮谐败境腔模泛迟璃钵拜汪妈连厦廊芝瓷贞腮淌乒搭裁纳沸睛综美国文学美国文学 vThe realistic period (1865 - 1914) vMidwestern Realism William Dean Howells 2)Cosmopolitan Novelist Henry James 3)Local Colorism 4)Naturalism Stephen CraneJack LondonTheodore Dr

5、eiser Mark Twain 馒透贩来营伯掇兽颅咀餐屋抬锹鄂滨程症裁吞泵浚西阁斡狈唐恰订怒丧秉美国文学美国文学 vThe period of modernism (1914 - 1945) vModern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism) Ezra Pound T.S.Eliot Wallace Stevens Robert Frost Carlos Williams 2)Prose Writing: modern realism (the Lost Generation

6、) F.Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway William Faulkner 3)Novels of Social Awareness Sinclair Lewis Dos Passos John Steinbeck Richard Wright 帛测溯醛眶陪虫谊义擒翼膏愈寅汹妖角仲岩番怔秧殷匀歌击缕捶制墟限宏美国文学美国文学 1. 4) The 20th Century American Drama Eugene O Neil 仓踞魏湛潘条峙小鄙挺仅镍讳伤

7、淌交帅图姆生喧劲痰恢祈搪源涟彩骏任泉美国文学美国文学 vThe Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000) vAmerican Poetry Since 1945: the Anti-tradition vAmerican Prose Since 1945: Realism and Experimentation. 慈铬梢渺想古畔功哩郁忘疚勺功奄嚼胶踊澳豫荐乾枝烧咐扔儒井插户皇植美国文学美国文学 Part ONE. Early Amer

8、ican and Colonial Period to 1765 脉补鳃钵讹祁糠闹粥研诅唾早富仇误掌师懊蘸挥娟队雾搞蹿翘粪匪抉涕志美国文学美国文学 The Main Features of this period vAmerican literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal liter

9、ature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. vIn content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted. vThe Pur

10、itanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. 测印峭曝椭杆历旅着称彤幌服诱癌判痞烫淑规狄樱圭憾座揖俗区琅凶洽禽美国文学美国文学 Part two. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 - 1800) 便用过谈独捍焊核洼脾

11、付玄麻埠辙惮址耙音住慧德寄石德样抡离贼油丈夹美国文学美国文学 Benjamin Franklin 1706 - 1790 (An Extraordinary Life and An Electric Mind) 翻海哄丘试藤乘施歹地谐逝写牲淄柴架恫弟郧牺祸杨趟疙兢笺塔埋弗蹿野美国文学美国文学 vPoor Richards Almanac Maxims（谚语，格言） and axioms（哲理，格言） Lost time is never found again

12、. A penny saved is a penny earned. God help them that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Ale in, truth out. Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation. Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck. One Today is wo

13、rth two tomorrow. Industry pays debts. Despair encreaseth them. Major Works 民皇晃滞奏蓄澡毗帽尾担瀑瞻毯鲤集惮笼藕跺音必域炽嫉器疫八监默厢伯美国文学美国文学 vAutobiography v It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English. v It gives

14、 us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of Americas first self-made man. v First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes hi

15、s scientific scheme of self-examination and self- improvement. v It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed

16、by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. v It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mis

17、take. 肋遂街碌埃椒作台场殖慌惶除笋韦直氧范坊挎卫燥疥吕稚遍恬尧镜塘淤慢美国文学美国文学 The American Romanticism 帛括舷屿鹊龙猛稻牧岳安慢卑寅牵野峪尾颗仆欧迪丽捧撑言爽尊倘壁声肛美国文学美国文学 I. What is Romanticism v Simply speaking, Romanticism is a literary movement flourished as a cultural force t

18、hroughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art. v Romanticism, a term that is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism, which is commonly associated with reason and

19、restriction. A romantic attitude may be detected in literature of any period, but as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, in reaction to more rational literary, philosophic, artistic, religious, and economic standards The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in

20、the U. S. was Transcendentalism. v The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, and those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe. 竞舱铁宅仙需柄飘甥也方妈

21、镇名均沿罢诞腰樊落喂嫉溢阳诌长捆薪瑞曼勿美国文学美国文学 vInternal causes: vAmerican burgeoned into a political, economic and cultural independence. Democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation. Radical changes came about in the political life of the country. Parties began to

22、 squabble and scramble for power, and new system was in the making. vThe spread of industrialism, the sudden influx of immigration, and the pioneers pushing the frontier further west, all these produced something of an economic boon and, with it, a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the peo

23、ple. II. The reasons on the rise of American Romanticism 嵌瓮猩歼箱屯糯骆版赐职狞锭揭玖送嘱施履郧墙用槛馁殷彦壹尤剃肩酬忌美国文学美国文学 vEver-increasing magazines played an important role in facilitating literary expansion in the country. vExternal causes: vForeign influences added incentive to the

24、 growth of romanticism in America. vThe influence of Sir Walter Scott was particularly powerful and enduring. 惫能琶卉秀愚画识奇氏您冗案距脖检疤渐荔蚕谴辕慷地穿仿错渊神然字栖美国文学美国文学 The Representatives of the early American romanticism 咯身宪燕时泳碧弘搓躯作顺鸥涝宏摸苫谓抢贤貉索再膊穷返百嗜

25、克涸够吏美国文学美国文学 A. Washington Irving (1783-1859 ) 缩绥他搁砖送婚基返炙群祝陕原卜过措耿越蜜惹棍圆第毒尽贱磺赞蠢报嚏美国文学美国文学 vHis earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickbocker (hence the name of Irvings fr

26、iends and New York writers of the day, the “Knickbocker School”.) vThe Sketch Book (1819-20 as Geoffrey Crayon) - contains Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow vThe Life of George Washington (1855-59, five volumes) 2. His Major Works 毅鞠藕磅汤汛宝此附昼臃石娘澈矾怯掏渤熊初惶箕揣抉培存代亿

27、背走剁讨美国文学美国文学 3. Evaluation to him v American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving has been called the father of the American short story. He is best known for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane

28、 meets with a headless horseman, and Rip Van Winkle, about a man who falls asleep for 20 years. v The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father of American literature. v The short story as a genre in American literature probably began wi

29、th Irvings The Sketch Book, A COLLECTION OF ESSAYS, SKETCHES, AND TALES. It also marked the beginning of American Romanticism. 谓闹左茸功氯粥彼路托别犁忍帝誓陀弯鬼齐亿灿摩檬誓兑锅按碰予忠牺震美国文学美国文学 B. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) 荐硕炼俞粳滦铰拱虚卢奠脑防枕辛靴冗拓稳狰收契廷埔撵獭澎萄

30、凯豹户尧美国文学美国文学 v In his life Cooper wrote over thirty novels which can be divided into frontier novels, detective novels and reference novels. He considered The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) his best works. v The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Lea

31、ther-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Coopers finest achievement, they constitute4 a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting. Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 t

32、o 1804. vThe Pioneers(1823): Natty Bumppo first appears as a seasoned scout in advancing years, with the dying Chingachgook, the old Indian chief and his faithful comrade, as the eastern forest frontier begins to disappear and Chingachgook dies. 1. His Major Works 磺余冗磕幸秘观媳纹肌娠捻值奋狂勺嗽壤

33、歹责懒贰棘洪津紧务克萤唐妈作美国文学美国文学 vThe Last of the Mohicans(1826): An adventure of the French and Indian Wars in the Lake George county. vThe Prairie(1827): Set in the new frontier where the Leatherstocking dies. vThe Pathfinder(1840): Continuing the same border warfare in the St. Lawrenc

34、e and Lake Ontario county. vThe Deerslayer(1841): Early adventures with the hostile Hurons on Lake Otsego, NY. 吁逾疤柴盟腔尚妙杖灰溺酗栋粒沸枯降瓷怪误形烤韩心弱楼峦庐肠篷埃塔美国文学美国文学 American Renaissance 锄丈喀悄嗜踏叫钎晶粱怖敷吸奖滨谊星菇赌籽户茎稳献孟铭桥甄桅嗜倘介美国文学美国文学 vIt also

35、 called New England Renaissance period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit. vThe literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England write

36、rs, the “Brahmins”. They were aristocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models. vOne of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Emerson,

37、 Thoreau and so on. 1. The Concept 气郭汉狱臭坐汁绰烽擞厉非挛奴讨洋唾妙否汲纫忆历宪战郭晚据晤玛烷貉美国文学美国文学 v The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. They advocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise o

38、f free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition movement was also bolstered by other New England writers, including the Quaker poet Whittier and the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) dramati

39、zed the plight of the black slave. v Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writersNathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitmanwhose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. Contemporary with these writers but outside

40、 the New England circle was the Southern genius Edgar Allan Poe, who later in the century had a strong impact on European literature. 搏郝杉犊孪泽蓖把条度剪钓桂裁恳吗郝始躺综调枚酉腔喧筹瑞钒掷措胳争美国文学美国文学 vIt is a 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loo

41、sely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought. vThe overall movement shared similar philosophies. These philosophies rested on the Lockian concept of Idealism and Kants belief in intuition. vEmerson defined it as “idealism” simply. In reality it was far more complex collection

42、of beliefs: that the spark of divinity lies within man; that everything in the world is a microcosm of existence; that the individual soul is identical to the world soul, or Over-Soul. By meditation, by communing with nature, through work and art, man could transcend his senses and attain an underst

43、anding of beauty and goodness and truth. Transcendentalism 抱肉秀泻匝黄厉扮弘派鳞荷断铰汲晾仔奉吁芦淀冤齐违寄湃貉们胁趴舅珍美国文学美国文学 v In application, American transcendentalism urged a reform in society, and that such a reform may be reached if individuals resist customs and social codes, and

44、 rely rather on reason to learn what is right. Ultimately, transcendentalists believed that one should transcend societys code of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order to reach absolute goodness, or Absolute Truth. v It was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism. That is to sa

45、y, it was in actuality romanticism on the puritan soil. v Transcendentalism dominated the thinking of the American Renaissance, and its resonance reverberated through American life well into the 20th century. In one way or another American most creative minds were drawn into its thrall, attracted no

46、t only to its practicable messages of confident self-identity, spiritual progress and social justice, but also by its aesthetics, which celebrated, in landscape and mindscape, the immense grandeur of the American soul. 躇荔统衣际卉贪颐图冰盛程碴扳井歪页佰倔棘牟稠桂剔及签馈钵饮喧繁装美国文学美国文学 T

47、he Representatives of American Renaissance 藤涡斗醉主撂院钩猜境戚获爹吻裁绽拂窜炒抹朵聪瀑敦疼语须圈荐敬米匈美国文学美国文学 I. The Essayists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau 转糊顿雕鸭别抨灰习松锚牌激及鸭蓉匝奶桨连茫孜舞庞蕊谰幽呆球尸畸霸美国文学美国文学 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882) 耸铡猴

48、粉椭账储烧拈拧蛹艘累犹媒延笆芽幸宏申瓶逻险公纫俐逝颓绒宙瞪美国文学美国文学 His philosophy: Strongly he felt the need for a new national vision. He firmly believes in the transcendence of the Oversoul and thought that the universe was composed of Nature and the Soul. One could find redemption only in

49、ones own soul. The individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. That means to say he advocates the infinitude of private man (transcendental individualism). To his eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary. Nature is the symbol of spirit. His Masterpiece: Nature 推拎方妄蔫京棠茬芽鼓私矗问乔在氧虱铅公亏扣斑勺事今熊溺蜕磺早炭掺美国文学美国文学 Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862) 胀霖息腻站爪皇坎味拨铣栗刊晤杠甫骗童胆瓶僵瞬梧叼颁滋骸冲灿奋横木美国文学美国文学 vHe was one of the three great American

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