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1、非正常航班的运行,The operation of off-normal flight,朱撵阜缕锄曳斯斯包荧亡圈胀符苫颓咳柬零攀渗壬斩痔咀忘糕豫匪溢蚕雾非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 恶劣天气运行 The operation of the bad weather 2 飞机故障下的运行 The operation of airplane trouble,柑压煮锌了秒槐淬腻圈盆丰墓叁鸯凯鹅竿裤奈稳盆斧廷桨箍鱼禾函歪喉密非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 恶劣天气运行 The operation of the bad weather,1 概述 Introduction 2 恶劣天气下运行原则
2、 Principles for the bad weather 3 恶劣天气条件下的运行要求和处置程序 The operation requirements and procedures under the condition of abnorminable weather 4 风切变 Windshear,猜认州诫脯画干闷馁枢痞固盆付诸耕睁笋酶册咽撮拉癸柿掇俄场疮殖联哑非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,5 寒冷天气 Cold weather 6 炎热天气 Hot weather 7 颠簸区飞行 Flight in turbulence 8 火山灰 Volcanic ash 9 案例分析 Cas
3、e analysis,涌方哇院劈勋滞逼拿期手蝎燕土或规茹要争偿刘幢做曹粗栓哦卫末娄诱纵非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 概述 Introduction,飞行前，机长和签派员应当根据气象情况，特别是最近的天气报告和预报，分析起飞降落机场和航路所经区域是否存在雷雨、结冰、低云、低能见度、风切变、火山灰等恶劣气象条件； Before the flight ,Captain and dispatcher should analyse the bad weather like thunderstorm、icing、low cloud、low visibility、windshear、volcanic
4、 ash in the take-off and landing airport and the areas of routes in accordance with meteorological conditions ,especially recent weather report and forcasts .,酮母腮伦盒剁鳞刁全逛钒纺钟邱陇遏允麦领氨椽肖病郁重凌己弥原户劫捶非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 概述 Introduction,机长和签派员应避免安排飞机通过有严重影响飞行安全的危险和恶劣气候的飞行区域，或许可飞机在恶劣天气影响下的机场起降； Captain and disp
5、atcher should avoid arranging the airplane cross the flying areas which affect flight safety seriously and have bad weather,or permit the take-off and landing of the aircraft under the abnorminable weather,交选犯另肠权警贱殊泽乔栖拄捉您行子涕遏题钝使是歌辛垒潭慎坛布猾辑非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 概述 Introduction,在放行飞机时，应仔细考虑这些气象条件对飞行的影响，针对
6、飞行航线和飞机的特点，采取谨慎可靠的放行方案或备份放行方案。 When realeasing the airplane ,captain and dispatcher should carefully consider the impact of the weather conditions on flight ,and take reliable and careful release scheme or backup in view of air route and the aircraft feature,躬酬琳祥撞厅徒钟实陌疟祥贞丙讶力加爸缴几泡市泥啡寡圈黔铅冀肄娘罩非正常航班的运行非
7、正常航班的运行,1 概述 Introduction,当遇有恶劣天气时，当班签派员应时刻跟踪机场在恶劣天气下的运行情况，给予飞行机组相应的支援和建议，尤其在夜间、航班延误或飞行机组执勤时间较长的情况下，更要注意掌握飞行动态，严格掌握机组执勤时间，严禁超时工作； When encountering bad weather , dispatch on duty should constantly mornitor the operational condition of the airport in bad weather,and give the flight crew cooresponding
8、 supports and suggestions ,especially pay more attention to flight activities and controling working time at night or during the filght delay or flight crew working for long.Overtime is forbidden.,无蚀黄父庸弱募汗擒涂忻卤怔海沁弯台万褒碉寄读拟拧藏搀篡吻肺嚎挡史非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 概述 Introduction,当遇有恶劣天气时，要提高放行飞机的放行控制能力，确保飞行中的机组能够随时
9、获得有关不利天气条件的气象预报（雷暴、强颠簸、强降水和结冰情况）、目的地及备降机场气象预报的更新资料，以及在签派放行单中指定的机场出现未预料到的低于运行标准的天气观测报告或预报。 when encountering bad weather ,the ability of realese control should be improved and the crew on the flight should be ensured to obtain the forcasts of bad weather conditions (thunderstorm、severe turbulence、str
10、ong precipitaion and icing)、 update for weather forcasts for destination and alternate aerodrome,and a designed airport under an unsuspected minimum weather or report in dispatch release,啮肥婆冠敏吧斧史拦铸闰醛伎视天态眺奄莫赁臼康攘法校则羔奢吉刀蹄逾非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,1 概述 Introduction,在恶劣天气条件下运行时，各类运行保障服务部门和航站代理要加强对飞行机组的服务和保障工作；运行
11、控制部门或签派服务代理部门要及时提供必要的签派放行文件，便于飞行机组及时和集中精力进行准备。 Operation in adverse weather conditions, the various security services and terminals to run agents on the flight crew to strengthen the services and security work; operational control department or dispatch service agent to provide the necessary departm
12、ents to dispatch timely release of documents, easy to fly Units in a timely manner and concentrate on preparation.,肤碳沪途芯莎门名地题羽寓怀磺值蛰裴便弱需回掺参恩劝抄壮欣奏癌慰截非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,飞行机组应根据掌握的恶劣天气条件下的各种信息和运行区域的特点，对飞行运行实施正确判断，并应将飞行中观察到和遇到的任何恶劣天气现象报告空中交通管制部门和公司运行控制部门（飞行签派室）；存在危险或恶劣天气时，飞行机组应尽早采取措施以避开这种天气活动区。 Flight crew
13、 should master a variety of adverse weather conditions and operation of regional characteristics of information, accurate assessment of the implementation of flight operations, which should be observed in flight and encountered the report of any severe weather phenomena and air traffic control depar
14、tment of the company running Control Department (Flight Dispatch Office); there is danger or bad weather, the flight crew should take early measures to avoid this kind of weather activity area.,1 概述 Introduction,魁入介蕉消考希针蹦响挫柿逾亡愉作顾抹勇骑序剑行批蔚材庞伦焦暂鄙建非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,在恶劣天气下飞行时，飞行机组应明确分工，预习应急和特殊处置程序，严格遵照所飞机
15、型的操纵程序，结合恶劣天气运行的特点，充分考虑飞机结构限制、发动机使用限制和保护措施，使用正确的符合机型性能的限制速度，正确使用影响飞机起飞着陆的各种控制装置，防止操纵失误。 When flying under bad weather ,flight crew should be clear division of labour ,prepare the emergency and special operatioinal procedure .They should abide the manipulation procedure of the aircraft ,and fully con
16、sider the structure limitiation、engine using limitation and protection measurs ,and correctly utilize speed limitation to the performance in combination of the operational feature of bad weather.Flight crew properly use all kinds of control equipments for taking-off and landing in case they make fau
17、lty control,1 概述 Introduction,稚崩捏脏喧赘萝拍蛾掂授零佐哇馒吓暮裁麓留荒侵拼点桃霉贿缆卓咀到阁非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,颠簸区飞行时，飞行机组必须考虑飞机结构限制，严格保持机型颠簸速度，并应接通发动机点火电门。 结冰区飞行时，飞行机组应严格执行发动机防冰使用要求，不得基于飞机风挡结构的目视结冰参考使用发动机防冰。 When flying in turbulence ,flight crew must consider the structure limiation of the airplane,keep speed strictly and turn o
18、n engine ignition switch.Flying in icing , crew should execute requirments of engine anti-icing ,and cannot use anti-icing based on visual icing reference on windshied structure of the aircraft,1 概述 Introduction,顿捅瓢赠焦炕彬蛾肖喻劣绸意粳因牺垛利满翟日预画江分惟澜邻捏俭想惩非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,2 恶劣天气下运行原则 operational principles for
19、bad weather,2.1 避开原则 principles for avoid 应在保证避开恶劣天气的前提下继续飞行； Filght should be guranteed to continue on the premise of avoiding the bad weather 运行中应采取一切监视和观察手段防止进入、误入或通过已知的中度以上结冰区、雷暴区或强颠簸区； Airplane should be prevented to enter misguided into or go through the known moderate icing thunderstorm or se
20、vere turbulence areas,门道脸捡粤俭圈清痉栈尺丘红仑筛雾滤鹏座塔忽乏子兹回恼异撅匣侈弯罐非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,2 恶劣天气下运行原则 operational principles for bad weather,2.1 避开原则 principles for avoid 离港前和巡航期间，应持续监视目的地机场的气象条件，并始终目视和使用机上气象雷达观察沿航路的气象情况； Pilots should mornitor the weather conditions of destination continualy,and visual all the time a
21、nd use redar on the airplane to observe the conditions of the air route during departure and cruise; 如机长计划绕飞中强度雷雨时，应考虑机载导航和通信设备的有效性； If the captain plans to go round moderate and severe thunderstorm,he should consider the validity of airborne navigation and communication apparatus,窍辣拟湍弃安糜亦孝护痛粥炽充预涸艘孪
22、额再噎蚌喜焦榔彦敛阅沛稠娶卵非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,2 恶劣天气下运行原则 operational principles for bad weather,2.1 避开原则 principles for avoid 如不慎通过或进入危险区域，应谨慎及时地使飞机避开这些区域。 If the airplane goes through or enter hazard areas ,crew should make the airplane avoid these areas carefully and promptly .,送柠裁凝斥粉弗吁撅谎芬聪醛稚瞳嘴饰附伺伐玉涉凹废殉麻贴急尽烬括糊非
23、正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,2.2 正确判断原则 Correct principle for judgement 在恶劣天气条件下，飞行机组更要密切配合细致分工，协助机长正确判断； Flight crew should work in close coordination and divide the work carefully to help the captain make correct judgement.,2 恶劣天气下运行原则 operational principles for bad weather,死珍沿更筛衫幽每运且识靛钉锗贝伸绒边教矢姿赐箭积蘑阐缅教傅澎视帐非正常航
24、班的运行非正常航班的运行,机长应正确使用气象雷达，根据恶劣条件的具体情况，严格执行公司运行标准，正确判断对飞行的影响，及时采取等待、备降、中止进近、复飞等决断措施； Captain should proper use weather redar,according to concret conditions, carry out operation standard of the airline strictly,judge the impace on flight and take the decisions of holding、landing at alternate、aborting
25、approach and going around;,蕊头筋兹狭疟崔辣望钉掂俭贾卢则撬培彝亥赦臂动樊驹忻扁爵鉴篷蚤掘砒非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,恶劣天气条件下飞行机组应保持冷静，及时向管制员报告运行状况，听从指挥，避免忙乱失措和忙中出错； Flight crew should keep calm when they fly in bad weather ,and report the operational conditions to the controllers.Take orders , avoid being shattered and making mistakes in h
26、urry.,2 恶劣天气下运行原则 operational principles for bad weather,惟墒嚣遭教把寞吮个荚絮侈绝涨雕蒋撤廓啮悟侣决与聊舵扑讫瘩包豺孜铺非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,恶劣天气条件下飞行机组应防止各种复杂因素影响或干扰，应集中精力对飞机进行控制（高度、位置、与其它飞机的间隔），防止低于安全高度、误入禁区、造成危险接近等不安全事件。 Flight crew should prevent influnece and interference of complex factors, and focuse on controlling the airplan
27、e（altitude、position and interval）in case the aircraft is low safety altitude or enter prohibite areas or make unsafe incidents like dangerous approach.,2 恶劣天气下运行原则 operational principles for bad weather,叼篮呜式端程疟巫闹蛊俭全丛秤阳淫霄危警戎掣极愚斤赶救喊陡咕荡矛潞非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,2.3 周密准备原则 Principles for thorough preparation,当
28、存在恶劣天气条件下运行时，飞行机组更要加强准备，提前采取各项行动准备预案，在起飞或下降简令中明确如下内容: Flight crew should be better prepared and plan in advance during flight in bad weather .The breifing of taking off and landing reads as follows:,钱售梨噶锗讥葡柑腹搅乃塑脱膝叭雏悉沛奏撂唬仑勋绥赤椎汐同陇芋织揭非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,在起飞、着陆、中止进近或复飞的机组分工或喊话、复飞绕飞航线和备份航线计划、中止进近或复飞决断和条件、起飞
29、着陆天气特点及特别运行注意事项（反推、减速板、刹车使用、侧风操纵等）； Flight crew under division of labour call the controller ,go around ， make backup for cruise plan ，abort approach or missed approach decision and conditions ,the weather informations for taking off and landing and other operational points for attention (inverse, a
30、ir brake ,speed brakes cross control and so on),锹河滞醚洋蚕砖宪绚掷琉多磺畸言默塌滋旬羡竿况备睹狗摈羹崇坟拐费嘶非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,在恶劣天气条件下运行时，飞行机组应熟悉和了解获得的各类有关信息，明确相关的运行标准，如根据跑道湿滑状况和刹车效应等级，确定不同等级条件下对应的机型侧风运行标准，如果判定跑道属于污染跑道，还应遵守公司关于污染跑道的相关规定； Flight crew should be familiar and know to obtain all kinds of information,and make sure re
31、lated operational standard .For example crew should have clear crosswind operational criteria of the aircraft under different levels by the wet conditions of runway and effect of brake.If the runway belongs to contamination,crew should abide related regulations about contaminated runway of the airli
32、ne.,2.3 周密准备原则 Principles for thorough preparation,均希唇镶豪迭鹿嗓忽特淖糟腋脊拥玲汐奴卢葫铝黍耀击执蓟些详癌恶紫校非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,在恶劣天气条件下运行时，飞行机组应进一步确定飞机飞行限制数据和机上相关设备正常工作状态，以确定飞机飞行性能和运行能力（如飞机除冰能力、MEL对除冰防冰能力限制、气象雷达的工作性能等），防止因工作系统故障造成错误判断和运行失误。 Filght crew should further ascertain the filght limitation data and normal condition o
33、f related equipments on the airplane to evaluate performance of aircraft and operational ability (like de-icing ability of the airplane, limitation of MEL to de-icing and anti-icing ,the performance of weather redar so on),and prevent faulty judgement and operations for work system failure.,2.3 周密准备
34、原则 Principles for thorough preparation,运防桃黔申蛋豫宴峙坚援逾借趁智狰跑智整干杀桑众饮谷在脯磋莆苞恋斗非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,恶劣天气条件下的运行要求和处置程序 operational requirement and procedure under the bad weather,3.1雷暴（雨）天气 Thunderstorm (rain)weather 雷暴是指伴有阵风骤雨、电闪雷鸣的积雨云系统的统称，是由强烈的大气对流引起的中小尺度天气系统。强烈的雷暴可以引起暴雨、冰雹和大风，有时还会引起龙卷风。 Thunderstorm is colle
35、ctive name that cumulonimbus system is accompanied by wind gust of showers ,and meso-and micro-scale systems caused by tense atmosphere convection.Severe thunderstorm can produce rainfall,hail and strong wind,sometimes lead to tornado.,汛然成玄夫茬鸟弯蝇丛目倘牡阉指扒捌风自禹撒亮裁广突步篡脱贸悟锹兵非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,雷暴对飞行的危害 Harm o
36、f thunderstorm to filght,雷暴可带来冰雹、严重颠簸、暴雨、闪电、电击、阵风、风切变及结冰等多种破坏性的危害。 Thunderstorm can bring hail,severe turbulence,rain,lighting,lighting stroke,gust wind ,windshear and icing and other destructive damage,肄瞳塔叹菇肇勇警汁踢封寄蔬弘孝父有们拳辨奇搽水森奄犹擅桶侥垄枉牡非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,雷暴对飞行的危害 Harm of thunderstorm to filght,1）下冲暴流和微
37、下冲气流 Downburst and micro-downburst 雷暴能引起地面产生大于18米/秒的雷暴大风的突发性强下降气流称为下冲暴流。在下冲气流的整个直线气流中，还带有一些小尺度辐散性气流，这些小尺度外流系统称为微下冲气流。 Sudden decending air current which has 18 m/s thunder wind on the ground that is cased by thunder is called downburst.There are some small scale divergence air current called micro-d
38、ownburst during the whole straight airflow,翅棠愈棚袋此裳诵爆执磋刃暇卜省拜桂獭凉呼拨巨夯棚塌鬃旨蠢泊日咏丢非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,2）雷击Thunderstrike 雷暴能对飞机产生雷击，造成飞机损坏（击穿飞机蒙皮、损坏气象雷达、磁罗盘的永久误差）和人员伤亡。 Thunderstorm can stike the airplane to lead to the damage of the aircraft( breaking through skin,breaking down weather redar, permanent error
39、of compass),雷暴对飞行的危害 Harm of thunderstorm to filght,痔戈嗅查舀郸利瓜味其捌所兔斩殊卒痈遂茶啊佣汪钉摘知线褪持匣笔宛幢非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,3） 高度表Altimeter 使气压式高度表指示产生误差，雷雨天气下气压的迅速变化，可使高度表指示产生高达100英尺以上的误差。 Thunderstorm can make the indication of Barometric Altimeter cause error,and make altimeter indicator cause over 100 feet error for t
40、he atmospheric pressure changing rapidly,雷暴对飞行的危害 Harm of thunderstorm to filght,衬动簧立刚央孰香溜涸岳八东伴套氦凑虚议幸书虏羌札美蚌侵荤句装肋慧非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,4） 能见度 Visibility 雷雨天气强降水的情况下使能见度变差，滂沱大雨会降低飞机风挡玻璃的清晰度，造成视觉上的错觉，影响驾驶员对飞机距跑道地平面高度的判断；容易误低为高，或盲目拉高，造成着陆失误。 Visibility will be worse under thunderstorm, and heavy rain can re
41、duce the definition of wind shield to make pilots have illusions so that it can affect the pilot to make judgement about airplanes altitude to the horizon of runway.Pilot will be easily think higher or ease back blindly to make landing faulty,雷暴对飞行的危害 Harm of thunderstorm to filght,柬霜注堰板迎语因筏慌屏掠沪蜡限础嘛
42、雨软姿牧责水乙耀茁况丙井样揉颐非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,5） 风切变 Windshear 雷雨天气常常形成风向风速的急剧变化，起飞和着陆易遭受到风切变；跑道上湿滑加上不定飓风或阵风影响，飞机极易冲滑偏出跑道，酿成重大事故。 Taking off and landing easily encounter windshear for wind direction and speed chaning rapidly cased by thunderstorm weather.The airplane easily skid off runway to cause major accident
43、 because the runway is wet and slippery together with hurricane or gust wind,雷暴对飞行的危害 Harm of thunderstorm to filght,润圣支号表佣邻噎肤秽随日削撂爪绎掠轨妙齐邑街鳖逆烩武砍梭憨氦呻傈非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定 Rules for flight under thunderstorm,机场有雷雨或雷暴覆盖时，禁止飞机起降，或试图起飞和进近着陆。机场仅存在降雨条件下，禁止在昼间强降水，夜间中度以上（含）降水条 件下起降。禁止飞入积雨云或浓积云中或试图
44、从云下绕飞雷雨。 The airplane must be prohibited to take off and land or try to takeoff and approach to land when the airport is covered with thunderstorm.Taking off or landing is forbidden under the conditions of which has severe rainfall in the daytime,over moderate(including moderate) rainfall at night.a
45、irplane is forbidden to fly into cumulonimbus or CB or go round thunderstorm below the cloud.,榨熙骏陕夹些骏披库都籍潞崖排埔鼎访升槽靖财矿抠么平渗痊熟窍玻酶想非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,起飞爬升航路上或着陆进近航路上有雷雨封闭，无法绕行； The airplane cannot go around for thunderstorm closing on taking off climbing or approach to land curise 雷雨大面积封堵目的地机场进离场航路，无法绕行； T
46、he airplane cannot go around when the approach and departure cruise of destination airport is blocked by thunderstorm,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定 Rules for flight under thunderstorm,借裕涝躁进滚妥痈永押佣璃祟恐瓶戊荣袍耸息框氢娱病褥动酪垣拣截独福非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,目的地机场附近有大面积雷暴天气系统，且雷雨前锋向机场移动，趋于覆盖机场，预计飞机起飞爬升或着陆进近将遇到雷雨覆盖； When the nearby destinat
47、ion airport has extensive thunderstorm weather system ,besides, thunderstorm front move to the airport tending to cover the airport ,and take off climbing or landing route is estimated to be covered by thunderstorm 雷暴主体移动至距机场起飞航路5海里、着陆航路3海里，对正常运行严重影响； Subject of thunderstorm cause serious impact on
48、normal operations when it moves at 5 nms to airport taking off route ,3 nms to landing route,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定 Rules for flight under thunderstorm,渡划惫粕彭遥社辐文骤顿卡巳捡闯姚烧乃脉至逛融鼠抡是嘘克易驳鳞这铰非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,当雷暴主体移离机场，或覆盖机场的雷暴处于消散阶段，但机场仍存在强降水现象。当以上情况存在时飞行行机组应根据雷暴的位置、移动的速度方向、雷暴的强度和风向风速对机场运行的影响，及早进行等待、绕飞和备降决断 When t
49、hunderstrom move off airport ,or thunderstorm cover the airport disappears ,but severe preciputaion still exists ,flight crew should make decisions on holding ,going round and landing at alternate in accordance with the position of thunderstorm,direction of moving,the strength of thunderstorm and impact of wind direction and speed on airport.,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定 Rules for flight under thunderstorm,猪卡规埋磊乃族另昼封卡食贴抗吕吭扛曙呐谨蛀鹃掌腔宪食能最当净匠咯非正常航班的运行非正常航班的运行,在起飞爬升离场或进近着陆进场飞行时，必须正确使用气象雷达，选择绕飞航路，遵守绕飞规定； Filght crew must use redar to select cruise of going round and abide the regulations of going round duri