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1、如何确定英语语篇模式?,什么是语篇呢？,“它可以是一个词它可以是一个词组或短语它可以是一个小句它可以是一幅对联、一首小诗、一篇散文、一则日记、一部小说（三部曲或其中的章节）；它也可以是一句口号、一支歌曲、一次对话、一场口角、一次长达两三个小时的讲演” Roughly speaking, it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as
2、conversational exchanges or written texts. Linguistic communication always appears in textual form.,英语语篇的模式,英语中有多种语篇模式，常见的模式是： 问题解决 一般特殊 主张反应 提问回答,问题解决模式的宏观结构一般由情景（situation）、问题（problem）、反应（response）、评价（evaluation)或结果（result）四部分组成。,Situation (optional),Aspect of situation requiring a response (i.e.
3、Problem),Response,Positive Evaluation,Positive result,Positive Result/ evaluation combined in a single statement,Basis (optional),positive Evaluation (optional),Most people like to take a camera with them when they travel abroad. But all airports nowadays have X-ray security screening and X rays can
4、 damage film. One solution to this problem is to purchase a specially designed lead-lined pouch. These are cheap and can protect film from all but the strongest X rays.,问题解决模式是英语中极为常见的语篇模式，经常用于 说明文、广告、科技文章、实验报告、新闻报道以及故事、 小说等文学作品中。,一般特殊模式又可称作概括具体模式，其宏观结构由三个成分组成：概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述。其表现形式有两种：先概括再举例；先整体后细节。,
5、General statement,Specific statement 1,Specific statement 2,Specific statement 3,General statement,General statement,Specific statement,Even more specific,Even more specific,General statement,Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of
6、 the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray stands of hair, a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal. After years of work, A
7、nnie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra 0f some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to fi
8、nd, retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge.,这一模式在宣传材料、自然科学、社会科学的论说文 中，在文学作品、百科全书中很常见。,主张反应模式也叫做主张反主张模式（claimresponse/counterclaim pattern)。其宏观结构包括“情景”，“主张”, “反应”三部分。,Situation,Claim,Reason for claim,Denial or negative evaluation of claim,Correction,Reason for correction,Affirm,Reason
9、 for affirm,Reason for denial,I have in my possession a copy of a press release from Sir Aaron Klug, the president of the Royal Society dated April 1996a month after it was officially admitted that BSE was probably the cause of the new variant CJD. In it he stated that “the sheep from the disease, c
10、alled Scrapie, is known not to infect humans.” we know no such thing. What we know is that we do not know whether Scrapie can infect humans and cause CJD, a very different matter.,这一模式的词汇标志包括：提出主张的词汇有：assertion, assumption, Belief, claim, conclusion, expect, guess, illustration, speculation, Suggest
11、ion, theory, think等；在反应部分，标志词汇有：affirm, agree, Confirm, concur, evidence, fact, know, real; contradict, challenge, Correct, deny, dismiss, disagree, mistake, object to, not true等。,提问回答模式一般是在语篇的开头提出一个问题，然后语篇的展开主要是寻求对所提问题的令人满意的回答。其宏观结构是情景、提问、回答与肯定或否定评价。情景可有可无，若对回答是否定评价，则预示着模式的循环，直到令人满意的回答。,(Situation)
12、,Question,Answer,Positive evaluation,Rejection,与问题解决模式不同的地方在于：提问-回答模式通常在 语篇开头有显性的带有疑问号的疑问句；二是这种模式的动 机是寻求一个令人满意的回答；三是提问回答模式是匹配 -比较型，而不是序列型，模式主要是通过重复法获得信号 标志，提问与回答之间没有逻辑顺序关系。 提问回答模式经常出现在演说、政论、说教、报道等语篇中。,Hartwell ,4）原因结果型： 其常用语篇指示词有：as a result, consequently, thus, because, according to, therefore, sin
13、ce, for, so, hence等。,几种思维模式的图式,Example 对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)。,1. 考查对文章整体结构的把握；,文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。这就要求学生不但要理解文章的细节内容，还要把握文章的整体结构和行文脉络，即句与句，段与段之间的逻辑关系，切忌只注重词和句的理解而忽视对语篇结构的分析。,(2)了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上 讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question (提出问题分析问题解决问题);
14、 Argument/Idea Evidence Conclusion/Restating the idea (由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点)。,1. 考查对文章整体结构的把握；,对于推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点题，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断。作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测：或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。,2. 考查根据现有文章预测后文内容的能力,了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，
15、在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理和说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。,3. 考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力 。,由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章或段落的发展方法，因此解题的关键在于找出文章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词如记叙文以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述文则包含论点、论据、论证三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可
16、根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，在大脑中勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。,Attention,2013重庆卷节选 In the mid1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of roada base layer(层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road
17、 surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs(the central part of a wheel) came into being,真题再现,followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster a
18、nd faster.,66. How is the last paragraph mainly developed? A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons. C. By following time order. D. By making classifications. 解析 C篇章结构题。该段看似举例，但这些例子均是按时间顺序由远及近叙述的。,2013重庆卷节选 It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breathperhaps not so noticeably out
19、in midocean, but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.It mimics(模仿) nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature. It is filled with symbiotic existences, too;,unimaginable quantities of creatures, little and large alike, mix within its depths in a kind of o
20、ceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, a kind of subocean vitality. And it has apsychology. It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.,71. In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to _ A. a b
21、eautiful and poetic place B. a flesh and blood person C. a wonderful world D. a lovely animal,解析 B写作方法题。该文通过诗词和拟人化的描写把大西洋比作有血有肉的人。,2013陕西卷节选 According to sociologists(社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层). Class, power and status are important in deciding
22、peoples rank in society. Class means a persons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class.,While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study
23、shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $ 500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $ 50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!,Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other pe
24、ople. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power,but he or she may not belong to a corre
25、sponding(相应的) economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the US Senate! Status is the honour or respect attached to a persons position in society.,It can also be affected by power and cl
26、ass, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.,56. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?,解析 56. A考查文章的组织方法。本文说明了一个社会现象：每个现代工业社会都有其社会阶层。社会等级权力和社会地位是判断一个人的社会阶层的重要标准。本文第一段是主题段，“Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society.”是本文的主题句，后三段分别从这三个方面来论述，故本篇文章采用了总分结构的组织方法。,Thank you !,