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1、中考阅读理解之猜词义解题技巧,宣城市第六中学 李克斌,在英语学习中，词汇的掌握是学习者遇到的较为棘手的难题之一，而词汇部分测试的目的就是考查考生记忆和使用英语词汇及短语的能力。词汇部分的考查重点是各类词的词义和固定短语的搭配。词义测试题可以分为四种，即： 1.异形异义辨析题， 2.异形近义辨析题， 3.形似异义辨析题， 4.形似近义辨析题。 搭配测试题主要考查常用动词、名词、形容词、副词的搭配以及一些固定搭配用语。 词汇是语言的三要素之一，是语言的基础，在英语学习中起着至关重要的作用。下面介绍几种扩大词汇量的方法，供大家参考。,一、进行大量的阅读 在传统的英语教学中，学生不喜欢“死记硬背”这种
2、记忆方法，但讲究技巧的记忆方法是行之有效的，方法之一就是在大量阅读和交际中学习词汇。 大量阅读不但在词汇记忆方面起到了温故知新的作用，还可对语言所属国家的文化有所了解，懂得何时、何地、何种场合、对谁，该用何种方式和态度说什么话，并为英语的交际打下良好的基础。,二、掌握利用语境猜测词义的技巧 狭义语境是指上下文中词、短语、语句或篇章的前后关系。由于在阅读过程中不可避免地要遇到生词，而一遇到生词就查词典不能使学习者掌握通过上下文猜测词义的技能。 利用这种方法可通过定义、举例、重述、同义词、反义词或某些连词、副词所给出的线索或根据文章的综合信息来猜测生词的意义。如文章内容涉及因果关系的句子，可通过这
3、种关系，结合自身的生活经验或一般常识进行推测。,All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake. The tree will have to be cut down for it obstructs the view of coming traffic. 第一句中，我们可以通过分析句子的原因earthquake，推出collapsed的意思为“倒塌”。第二句中，结果是这棵树要砍掉，原因是它与迎面驶来的车辆的视线有关，可以推测出obstructs的意思为“阻碍”。,四、注意归纳总结和辨析同义词、反义词和同形异义词 大家在英语学
4、习的过程中经常会遇到某些同义词、近义词和同形异义词。而不少人对同义词的理解和使用常常只是一知半解，他们往往只着眼于“词义”，而忽视了它们之间的差异，对文章中经再三斟酌的措词认识不到其中的奥妙。同义词的辨析可从三方面着手。,1.从概念意义着手，把表达同一逻辑概念的词归纳在一起。 如in future和in the future都有“将来”的意思，但语义上有细小差别。前者表示“从今以后”，等同于from now on.后者表示“将来，今后的时期”，但不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间，等同于in time yet to come.如In future you must be more care
5、ful with your work.No one can know what will happen in the future.,2.从感情色彩和语体色彩的差异着手。 英语中有的词字面意义相同，但感情意义有明显的区别。如Its rather cold today和Its fairly warm today，句中的rather与fairly都表示“相当”，但前者含抱怨之意，后者含高兴之意。,三、掌握构词法和词根词缀的含义 一般地说，词根字面的含义等于单词的实用词义，只要记住词根字面的含义，从单词中辨认出词根的形体，再通过词缀的意思，就能理解并记忆这个单词。如：记住了fortune 这个词根应
6、能记住fortunate（幸运的），fortunately（幸运地），unfortunate（不幸的），unfortunately（不幸地）等词汇。记住了care应能掌握careless （粗心的），careful （细心的），carelessly（粗心地），carefully（细心地），carelessness（粗心），carefulness（细心）等词汇。因此，牢记一定的词根和词缀，对于理解词义和扩大词汇量有极大的帮助。,3.从词的搭配和位置的差异着手。 有一部分同义词由于其固定的搭配关系而具有不同的含义。 如job和work都有“工作”的意思，但“失业”只能说 out of work而不
7、说out of job. 又如spend和cost都有“花费”的意思，但和介词on搭配时只能用spend. 有时同义词的差异还体现为在句子中的位置区别，如 living和alive均表示“活着的”，但在修饰名词时位置不同，如： Who is the greatest poet alive？ Who is the greatest living poet？,1.利用构词法猜测词义 英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前缀、后缀形成的，因此运用构词法来判断生词的意义是一种提高阅读速度的常用技巧，同时也是学生比较熟悉、擅长的一种解题技巧。 实践证明这是一种快速有效解决词汇障碍的方法。,实例1 (2008
8、年浙江省宁波市中考试题) After the earthquake: 1. Check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right. Watch out for aftershocks. 2. Protect yourself by wearing long pants, a long-sleeved (长袖的) shirt and strong shoes. 3. Listen to the radio for the latest information. 54. The underli
9、ned word aftershocks in the passage means _ in Chinese. A震感 B震源 C余震 D防震,解析 C。after 与shock两个合成，加上“After the earthquake”的小标题，不难猜出aftershocks是“余震”的意思。 除了上述所举的根据合成词猜测词义以外，还可以根据词缀和词根来快速猜测生词的含义。 学生平时要多积累词缀和词根方面的知识，前缀往往是改变词义的，如dislike,unhapy ,inexpensive,impossible等等是表示否定意义的；后缀往往是改变词性的，比如 politely,inventio
10、n,teacher等等。,2.利用同义词或反义词猜测词义 有时作者为了使他的意思表达得更清楚明白，通常用一个、两个或更多的同义词、近义词、反义词或英文解释来说明文中一个比较难的词或关键词。通过我们熟悉的单词或解释，用已知的知识就不难推断出生词的词义来。 The relay, planned to kick off at 15:40 Saturday, will set out from Da Yu Ling. 55. The underlined phrase kick off probably means _. A. begin B. stop C. check D. leave 解析 A。
11、后面的set out是出发的意思，所以kick off应该是begin的意思,Most women in Ghana-the educated and illiterate, the urban(城市的) and rural, the young and old -work to make money for their families. ( ) The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means _. A.repeated B.rich C.uneducated D.sick 解析 C 。文中破折号之间出现的三个并列成分正好由反义词组
12、构成，所以学生根据已知的“educated”不难猜出“illiterate”是“未受教育的”的意思。,3.利用上下文猜测词义 有些生词的意思必须通过对上下文所提供的信息或线索综合予以考虑方能确定。这种线索可以是一些词语也可以是一些出现在上下文中的句子，考查的方式一般是猜测中文意思。 In some cities the rubbish is collected and taken outside of city to a dump. Often the city dump is placed where the ground is low or there is a big hole. The
13、 kitchen rubbish is broken into small pieces and sent into the sewage system. The sewage system takes away the used water from toilets, bathtubs and other places. 53. The underlined word sewage in the passage means_. A排污 B染色 C洗涤 D吸尘,4.利用标点符号猜测词义 作者有时利用标点符号为一些生词直接提供定义或解释，这些符号无疑为学生理解或猜测生词词义提供了很好的线索，如破
14、折号、引号等。 Bob works in a car factory near his home. He works very hard.He needs to work 8 hours every day.He will be on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.next week. A开夜车 B夜班 C熬夜 D晚上休息 解析 B。文中两个破折号之间部分解释了“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。,I never saw her anger,never saw her cry. I knew she loved me, she showed
15、 it in action. But as a young girl ,I wanted hearted-to-hearted talks between mother and daughter. They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional(易动感情的)”. But she lived “on the surface”.,( ) 3.The underlined word “gulf” in the passage means _. A. deep understanding between t
16、he old and the young B.different ideas between the mother and the daughter C.free talks between mother and daughter D.part of the sea going far in land 解析 B。“gulf”原来的意思应是“海湾”，但在此处有了另外的引申意义。文中两个引号内分别是“易动感情的”和“冷静的”的意思，为上文中的“gulf”提供了词义线索，因此文中的“gulf”应是“母女之间的鸿沟或分歧”。,5.利用生活常识猜测词义 历年中考英语阅读理解选择的素材具有时代性、新颖性和
17、生活性的特点，尤其强调选择一些与学生生活息息相关的素材。因此我们的生活经历或与日常生活有关的常识往往可以帮助学生更准确地猜测句中生词的词义。 If traffic is heavy , the taxi will be slow. During the mornings and afternoons, there is the “rush hour”.This is the time when the traffic is very heavy with people going to and from work.,( )The phrase “rush hour” in the fourth
18、 paragraph means “_” in Chinese. A.比赛中的冲刺时刻 B.一小时内所跑的路程 C.（上下班）交通高峰时刻 D.匆匆忙忙的一小时 解析 C 。根据生活常识，早上上班时和傍晚下班时交通拥挤的时段我们称为交通高峰期，与C项正好对应。,6.利用逻辑关系明确指代 明确指代关系其实是一类比较特殊的词义猜测题。一般情况下，中考中用指代性的代词，如it,they,he,she以及其宾格形式来指代前面所出现的名词,或以this,that,those来指代文中提到的某个观点或看法。 The woman left the store less worried, and Gloria
19、 has always remembered the pride she felt in having helped her customer. ( ) What does the word “she” in the third paragraph refer to? A.The boss. B.The woman.C.Gloria.D.The doctor. 解析 C 。该句中虽然出现了The woman 和Gloria两个人物，但英语中代词的使用原则是指代最近的那个名词，所以这里指代的是Gloria。,Sandra was wearing a brightly-colored shirt
20、with her jeans. “No one else wears a shirt like mine,” she said. “Im the only one, and I like that . I can understand that the school needs a dress code(准则).Its a problem if students come to school with their shirts open. We all understand that, but no one wants a uniform. Even my mum thinks its stu
21、pid.” ( )What does the underlined word “that”mean in the sixth paragraph? A.Why no one wants a uniform. B.The school needs a dress code. C.Wearing a school uniform is stupid. D.Wearing ones own clothes isnt right. 解析 B。这里出现的指代词“that”所指的是前面提及的一个事实，即学校需要一个穿衣准则。,中 考 真 题 演 示,1.Many people say that they
22、are working too many hours. . 2.Work hours are different from one country to another. . 3.Why do people work so many hours? Some people work extra hours because they want to make more money. However, many companies dont pay overtime. Their workers dont get more pay for more work. Some people think i
23、ts their duty to work more hours. Some are afraid of losing their jobs if they dont work more hours. 4.Many people say that their vacations are too short.【2013安徽】,77. The word extra in Paragraph 3 means . A. 正常的 B. 额外的 C. 有用的 D. 少量的,It has taken millions of years for volcanoes and lava flows (熔岩流) t
24、o build Iceland. When hiking through one of Icelands many ancient lava fields, you may notice something strange. White steam is rising from each vent in front of you. Iceland is covered with vents which steam can pass out of. The steam comes from naturally heated rocks and hot water below the Earths
25、 surface (表面).【2013哈尔滨】,() 47. The underlined word “vent” in the passage means “ ” in Chinese. A. 进入口 B. 回流口 C. 排放口,“Why does the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side!” Thats an old joke in the west, but it came to my mind again when I saw people crossing the road at the intersection of
26、Shaanxi Road and Huaihai Road in Shanghai.,49. The underlined word “intersection” here probably means “ ”. A. road B. bridge C. crossing D. traffic,Education is well-rounded and it is mainly for improving a man. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative t
27、hinking and other abilities. After that, it is to make him a wise man and thankfully enjoy the achievements of human. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch plays and most of all take an interest in the w
28、orld.,68. The underlined word “well-rounded” in the passage means “_” in Chinese. A. 圆满的 B. 崭新的 C.公平的 D. 全面的,Martin Lynch, an American businessman, had been going on vacation to a small Mexican fishing village for a number of ears. One morning while going for a walk along the beach, he saw his frien
29、d Pablo Perez, a local fisherman. Martin watched Pablo unload his boat and pack the fish in a box.,69. The underlined word “unload” in the passage means _. A. put into B. take away from C. break down D. set off,Mom thought for a while and then decided to let Jessie give it a try. After all, she was
30、home and would keep an eye on her. Jessie already knew how to start the lawn mower from watching her dad. Jessie checked the gas(汽油) to make sure it was full, and put on her gardening gloves to protect her hands. Mom watched from the kitchen window. Jessie really does know how to mow the lawn. She w
31、as very careful around the flowers and trees.,( ) 47. What does “keep an eye on” mean? A. 保护 B. 注视 C. 培养 D. 瞄准,Qi Haoran, a Junior 1 student, was quite busy over the past winter vacation and not just with homework. Qi, together with 10 other classmates made a volunteer group to call on people to joi
32、n the Clean Your Plate Campaign (“光盘行动”).,67. In this passage the underlined word “call on ” means _. A. 打电话 B.号召 C.拜访 D. 叫喊,The program will get families, schools, newspapers, magazines and TVs to join together and deal with the students obesity so that students will be at a healthier weight. The p
33、rogram includes: Food stores should sell healthier foods. Schools should serve healthier meals with less fat and should also offer gym classes.,62. The word “obesity” in the second paragraph means _ in Chinese. A. 厌食症 B. 抑郁症 C. 肥胖症 D. 强迫症,After a long drive to Los Angeles, we found a motel, place fo
34、r travelers and their cars, with a really good price. So we decided to stay for a week. On the second day, after visiting some interesting places and having a big dinner, we returned to the mote. It was about ten oclock in the evening, and I started working. However, I couldnt find my paper bag ever
35、ywhere. I was quite sure that I had put it in the room. Suddenly, I realized the cleaner had taken it out with the rubbish.,( )58.Before leaving for the Los Angeles, the writer put his important papers and books in a _. A. 豪华餐厅 B. 私人别墅C. 汽车旅馆D. 路边商店,Students can collect coupons and exchange them for
36、 small gifts, such as books, magazines, mobile phone covers and hand warmers. Its been such a surprise, said Liang Zhaoyun, 19, a student at the university in Shanghai. It has given us one more motivation to finish our food. The measure is part of a national eat-up campaign(行动) which is organized by
37、 students to deal with food waste on campuses(校园).,67. The undedined word motivation in Paragraph 2 means in Chinese. A. 动力 B. 机会 C. 试验 D. 条件,Brown bears,tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They cant be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar to the
38、trees. For the same reason, polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies and bees living among the flowers are colorful like flowers. Soil insects are mostly dark-colored and they live under the soil(土壤） in a dark and wet environment. However, insects with colors different
39、from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive, they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.,63. Whats the meaning of the underlined word”survive” in the passage? A. 繁殖 B. 产卵 C. 觅食 D. 生存,After working for several years as a teacher in Beijing, Lu
40、 Xun again returned to writing. In 1918, he wrote his famous short story Diary of a Madman. It was the first Chinese novel published using the everyday language that people spoke, which helped make it a great success. This, together with his novel The True Story of Ah Q (1921), made Lu Xun a leading
41、 Chinese writer.,53. The underlined word “This” (Paragraph 4) refers to . A. the success of Diary of a Madman B. the use of everyday language C. the first Chinese novel D. The True Story of Ah Q,Finally, having more multi-language speakers improves relationships between countries. If people from dif
42、ferent countries can communicate well, the world can become closer. Countries will then have more respect for each other and better understand each others problems.,58. The underlined phrase “multi-language speakers” (Paragraph 5) means “people who know _.” A. their mother language B. a new language
43、 C. more than one language D. body language,Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures (建筑物) float away? What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Earth is moving at quite a speed, moving at over a thousand miles pe
44、r hour. If you turn something around your head on a string (细绳), it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string. Then it flies off in a straight line. Switching off gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in
45、 buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space. 62.The word “shoot” underlined in the 2nd passage probably means “_”. A.send for B. move quickly C. come out D. grow quickly,There are three parts to the Global Position
46、ing System. The first part is the receiver. You can hold it in your hand, or have it fixed into your car, plane, etc. The second part is a group of satellites orbiting the Earth. The receiver contacts at least four of the satellites and calculates(计算) its position. The third part of the system is a
47、network of ground stations. They are all over the world. They control the satellites and make sure they are working well. The underlined word “They” in paragraph 3 means “_”. A. Receivers B. GPS devices C. Satellites D. Ground stations,Rapping in class. Would you like to rap in class ? Well actually
48、 ,hip pop music is played in more than 10,000 schools in the USA .Why ? There is a new school program called “ Flocabulary ”in which teachers use texts and hip hop CDs to help teach different school subjects . The words of the songs are just what students are studying . This makes learning easy and fun . Students and teachers are excited about the positive results it has had on exam marks . One teacher said , “ I ve used hip hop songs in class , and I