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1、土木工程材料与结构实验（Civil engineering materials and structure experiment）I carefully organize the documents, documents from the networkI just sort ofIf there is an errorPlease check your!Civil engineering materials and structure experimentExperiment instruction course(second volumes)Civil Engineering Specia
2、ltyRao German editorfoshan universityMarch 2013Brief introductionThis course is a subject based curriculum training and practical ability of Civil EngineeringThe task is through continuous experiment teaching make students master the basic knowledge of materials and structures and basic skills testI
3、mprove the comprehensive quality under the guidance of teachers through experiments get learning ability, practical ability, to explore the ability to solve problemsTo improve the innovation ability of scientific research methods; learning testPractical skills trainingTo enhance the understanding of
4、 the theory and engineering applicationExcellent professional and technical work to lay the foundationThe main content of the project of civil engineering materials and structure experiment course experimental guide books second volumes of hydraulics professional civil engineering course experiment
5、and mechanics of materials curriculum experimentGuide book describes the experimental purpose, the experimental project of each experiment requirements, the experimental principle and procedure in accordance with the order of teaching contentAccording to the experimental contentThis part of the prob
6、lemCan be used for experimental analysis and discussionCatalogExperiment eleven water statics experiment. 5.Experiment twelve steady flow energy equation experiment. 7.Experiment thirteen Reynolds experiment. 9.Experiment fourteen pipe flow resistance along the. 11.In experiment six, low carbon stee
7、l and cast iron tensile test. 13.In experiment seven, low carbon steel and cast iron compression experiment. 14.In experiment six, low carbon steel and cast iron torsion. 16.Experiment seven prestressed beam bending test. 18.In experiment six, determination of elastic modulus E value experiment. 20.
8、The main reference books:Hydraulics distributed in South China University of Technology press 2001.3Fluid mechanics Luo tiqian mechanical industry press 2003.7Hydraulics Zhu Liming Li Rong Ke Kwai Tongji University press 2000.1Experiment eleven water statics experimentOne purpose of the experiment1.
9、 to master the skills of measuring fluid static pressure for pressure tube;2. verify the incompressible basic equations of fluid statics;3. through the many hydrostatic phenomenon experimental studyTo further improve the ability to solve practical problems of staticsTwo, experimental deviceThe exper
10、imental device as shown in Figure 1.1Three, the experimental principleThe incompressible basic equations of fluid statics are under gravity:Z + =const.P + P0 = h or gammaType: Z - measured in relative height datum;P - the measured hydrostatic pressure pointRepresented by the relative pressure (the s
11、ame as below);The surface pressure in the tank liquid level p0-;H - the measured tube height of liquid column pointAnd step four, experimental method1. familiar with the composition and use of instruments2. recording instruments No (recorded in the report several constants in Table 1.1)3. measuring
12、points of the static pressure (the pressure in said high cmH2O):1) water tank level elevation of Z0 and record Z1, Z2, Z3, respectively Z4, z7, Z8 elevation;2) record of each measuring point piezometer readings;3) open the return valve of water tank 3The water tank liquid level drops3 repeat the mea
13、surement processFive, the matters needing attentionReadingMust be stable after reading level etc.And should make three points at the same level (eyes, feet on the scale and tube level)Six, the experimental results and requirements1. records of the constant:Table No. experimental deviceThe height of
14、each measuring point:The measuring point data records 2.According to the dataCalculation of the hydrostatic pressure of each pointThe basic equations of static verificationSeven. Experimental analysis and discussion(1) the same static liquid within the piezometric head line is the root of what line?
15、(2) when the pipe connecting pipe leakHow to change the pipe scale?(3) if the pressure tube is too smallWhat is the impact on the piezometric surface reading?Experiment twelve steady flow energy equation (Bo Nouri equation) experimentOne purpose of the experimentThe energy equation of the 1. fluid c
16、onstant total flow verification;2. based on the dynamic analysis of the experiment discussed many hydraulic phenomenaFurther grasp the energy conversion characteristics of dynamic flow in pipe;3. master the experimental velocity, flow rate, pressure dynamic hydraulic elements testing skillsTwo, expe
17、rimental deviceThe experimental device as shown in Figure 2.1Three, the experimental principleIn the experiment in the pipelineAlong the direction of flow tube n cross sectionCan be listed from the section (1) to section (I) of the energy equation: Z1 = Zi + + + + + hw1i (i=1Two3.N) alpha 1= alpha 2
18、= alpha 3= alpha n=1; select the datum.From each section has set the pressure tube read z+ value measured through flow of pipes;Can calculate the average velocity and VThen we can get the cross section of the piezometric head and headFour, experimental methods and steps1. familiar with experimental
19、equipmentThe relationship between distinguishing common piezometric tube and the pitot tube and the pressure points and the;2. open the water supply switchThe water tank is filled with waterThe water tank overflowCheck valve closed after all whether the piezometric surface flushSuch as uneven is req
20、uired to identify the cause of the malfunction (such as pipe blocked, leakage or bubbles and exclude the clip)Until the leveling;3. open the valve 12Observation and thinking:1) the change trend of piezometric head line and the head line;2) the relationship between the position of the head and pressu
21、re head;3) when the flow increases or decreases when the tube head change?4. valve 12 openThe flow stabilityRemember the piezometric surface reading testAt the same time measuring experiment flow;5. change the flow rate 2 timesRepeat the measurementOne of the 12 valve opening to the 8 test tube leve
22、l close to zero scaleFive, the experimental results and requirements1. records of the constant and fill in the report in table 2.1;2. measurement (z+) and recorded in the report table 2.2;3. calculate the velocity head and headAnd in the report table 2.3;4. in the report in Figure 2.1Draw the head l
23、ine head line maximum flow under the E-E and P-P results in the pressure tubeSix, experimental analysis and discussionThe difference between the 1. piezometric head line and the head line trend? Why?2. flow increasePiezometric head line change? Why?3. avoid the throat (measuring point (7) of vacuum
24、which has several technical measures? The change of water head (such as a raise or lower water level position) influence on the throat pressureThe head line drawing head line and measured 4. pitometer showed slight differences in generalWhat was the reason?Experiment thirteen Reynolds experimentOne
25、purpose of the experiment1. to observe the flow of laminar flow and turbulent flow and its transformation characteristics;Determination of critical Reynolds number 2.Master the criterion of pipe flow;3. methods of learning classical fluid mechanics using dimensionless parameters experimentAnd its pr
26、actical significanceTwo, experimental deviceThe experimental device as shown in Figure 4.1Three, the experimental principleRe = K = = QWhere K =And step four, experimental method1. measure and record the relevant constants2. to observe the two flow patterns:The switch 3 is opened to make the water t
27、o overflow waterThe stableSlightly open valve 9The color of water and injected in experimental pipelineThe color of the water in a straight lineBy observing the color of water movement of laminar flow inside the tube; and then gradually increase the valve opening 9By changing the color of water line
28、To observe the change of hydraulic characteristics of laminar flow to turbulenceTo be fully turbulent tube afterAnd then gradually shut in valveBy observation of hydraulic characteristics of laminar flow to turbulence3. the determination of critical Reynolds number:(1) will open the valve 9The tube
29、was quite turbulentThen gradually closing valve 9 to flow decreases.When the flow is adjusted to make the color of water in the tube just showing a stable lineIs the critical state;(2) to appear in the critical state of pipeFlow measurement by volume method;(3) according to the critical Reynolds num
30、ber of flow calculationAnd (2000) compared with the accepted valuesGreat deviationThe need to re test;(4) re open the regulating valve 9 to form a complete turbulenceRepeat the above steps of not less than three timesFive, the experimental results and requirements1. record, calculation of the consta
31、nt experimental device table No. No.Diameter: D = cm; t = C: temperatureViscosity: v = = cm2/sConstant K = s/cm32. measurement data in the report in table 4.1The experimental results and finishingSix, experimental analysis and discussion1. determine why the dimensionless parameters of flowInstead of
32、 the critical velocity?2. why do you think on the critical Reynolds number of no practical significanceThe critical Reynolds number as the criterion of laminar flow and turbulent flow? The measured critical Reynolds number Re and recognized value? What is the reason?3. in the determination of Re whe
33、n the small flow processWhy not tune?4. analysis of laminar flow and turbulent flow in the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the differences?Experiment fourteen pipe flow along the way resistance experimentOne purpose of the experiment1. understanding Park tube laminar flow and turbulent flow
34、 along with the variation of the average velocity of flow loss;2. master along the pipeline resistance coefficient measurement technology and the use of gas - water pressure gauge and water pressure measuring method of mercury tube differential pressure;3. of the measured value and the relationship
35、between the lambda Re ModituAnalysis of its rationalityTo further improve the analysis ability of experimental resultsTwo, experimental deviceThe experimental device as shown in Figure 6.1Three, the experimental principleBy the Darcy formula: HF = lambdaLambda = = = K (2)Where: K = Pi 2gd5/ (8Q2)ano
36、therThe energy equation of pipe to level diameter: HF = (P1-P2) / gamma;Differential pressure differential pressure measurement is availableAnd step four, experimental methodI prepare control device and the function and working principle of indicating the name, all components of the inspection; a wa
37、ter storage tank, the water level is normalRecord the relevant experimental constants: tube diameter D and length L (experimental signs in the test tube)For adjusting flux measurement system ii:(1) water, exhaust the measuring apparatus and the connected device according to the following procedure o
38、f water filling and exhaust:open experimental pipeline water supply valve and experimental flow regulating valve 1111 to close the valve pressure difference meter; open return valve; release (pressure gauge connected pipe tongs); open the water supply valve (test tube water rose to a certain heightA
39、ccording to the steps of decreasingTo ensure that there is sufficient range)(2) check to close the valve 11; open the water supply valve; check water pressure difference meter two measuring tube water level is flush? Otherwise according to the above steps to exhaustExperimental measurement(1) regula
40、ting the flow of experiment can be performed sequentially according to the flow rate: 11 valve ajarThe flow rate increases graduallyThe increase in the flow rate is lowThe water meter is controlled by water pressure difference HEach incremental Delta h=30 50mm advisable (the first can be smaller)Be
41、careful：The flow of each oneShould be stabilized for 2 to 3 minutesThe smaller the flowThe longer the stable time;Every time the flow is not less than 8 10 seconds (traffic can be shorter);The request to change the flow of not less than 16 times(2) were determined by differential pressure meter test
42、 tube, the flow rate and the corresponding temperature readings (thermometer should be hung in the tank);Five, the experimental results and requirements1.: Taiwan No. constant experimental deviceThe tube diameter d = cm; L = cm length measurement2. measurement dataSorting dataAnd fill in the report
43、form;3. graphics rendering LGV lghf curve analysisAnd determine the exponential relationship between the size of MIn the CM paperTaking LGV as the abscissaLghf as the ordinatePlotting the measured LGV lghf curveAccording to the specific circumstances of one or several sections of straight lineThe sl
44、ope and the straight line:= mThe map can be obtained from the m value to the m value of known flow area (i.e. laminar M = 1 smooth zone; m = 1.75; m = 2 rough region; turbulent transition region 1.75m2.0) were comparedTo determine the flow areaSix, experimental analysis and discussion1. why the diff
45、erential pressure meter is poor water head loss along the way? As the experiment into inclined pipeline installationWhether the effect of experimental results?2. according to the measured value of MIn this experiment, the recognition of flow pattern and flow area3. pipe flow in practical engineeringMost smooth turbulent or turbulent transition zoneThe discharge flow of the Hongdong Hydropower StationMost of the turbulent drag square zoneWhat are the re