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1、 私募股权基金将成中小企业融资的新途径|论文资源库摘 要 中小企业融资难，既有企业自身经营管理上的原因，但同时也反映了社会融资体系的狭窄。成熟的资本市场需要多元化的融资工具。本文从私募基金与中小企业合作的可行性入手，通过分析资金供给趋势、国内的股权投资机构、投资分布的变化，以及私募股权资本在国内的投资倾向等进一步论证了中小企业与私募基金合作的可能性，并对国内即将合法化生存的私募基金在解决中小企业融资难问题中所起的作用寄予厚望。 关键词 私募股权基金 股权投资 中小企业 近年来，我国中小企业发展迅猛，在国民经济中扮演者越来越重要的角色，中小企业工业总产值和利税分别占全国企业的六成和四成左右；在流
2、通领域里，中小企业占全国零售网点的90%以上。中小企业近年提供的就业机会约占全社会的75%，从农业部门转移出来的劳动力绝大多数在此就业。但是,中小企业的发展并非一帆风顺。在创立之初，中小企业一般是靠自有资金或自筹资金开始运转的，但是当企业经营到一定的阶段,比如需要技术提升、扩大生产规模、产品转型时，就面临着相当大的资金压力。有许多中小企业正是因为害怕这样的资金压力,遂采取了逃避的态度,小富即安了。而这也正是为什么我国的很多产品在低水平上重复生产的原因之一。对于这些中小企业而言,虽然它们小富,但是它们可能错失了更好的发展机遇。 那么，有些中小企业为什么不积极应对变革呢？从主观方面看，这与经营者的
3、知识水平、眼界和事业发展的雄心很有关系；而从客观原因看，中小企业的融资渠道少、融资困难是其最主要的原因，纵然经营者踌躇满志，没有资金，终究是画饼充饥。 造成中小企业融资不畅的原因是多方面的。 首先是缺乏专门为中小企业服务的中小资本市场体系。目前，我国还没有建立针对中小企业的创业板市场，中小企业在主板市场上市面临着严格的审批和财务审核，除了部分非常优质的中小企业能够过关外，大多数被关在的“门”外。从国际经验看，争取风险投资也是中小企业融资的良好途径，但是，长期以来，从事风险投资的私募基金在我国一直处于“非法”状态，这在一定程度上阻碍了我国的风险投资业的发展，特别是本土的风险投资机构少之又少。 其
4、次是缺乏有效的融资工具。目前，银行贷款依旧是中小企业融资的主渠道，而中小企业融资难在一定程度上主要表现为贷款难。商业银行对中小企业的融资力度不够。据统计，我国中小企业贷款占主要金融机构放款比例只有16%，优质中小企业只有30%的信贷需求得到满足。我国的各类商业银行需要转变传统的信贷管理模式和文化，针对中小企业贷款业务特点，建立符合中小企业贷款业务特点的信用评级、业务流程、风险控制、人力资源管理和内部控制等制度。另外，商业银行也应该建立和完善各项机制以加强中小企业贷款业务的开展。 第三是缺乏必要的相关信用担保机构。从海外在信用担保方面的成功经验来看，发展支持中小企业融资的信用担保机构，也能够对中
5、小企业的融资带来有效的帮助。但从我国目前的情况看，专门为中小企业提供这种担保服务的担保机构不多，即便有的地区建立了这种机构，也因担保资金来源等方面的问题而难以正常运作。另外，虽然我国已经推动信用体系建设多年，成效不小，但仍缺乏一个完善的法律基础，难以实现真正意义上的信用体系。 从国际上看，中小企业融资难是一个世界性的难题。发达国家和部分新兴市场经济国家经历了较长时间的市场经济发展后，在完善信用体系的基础上，才逐步建立了一套中小企业直接、间接融资的市场体系和政府政策扶持体系，其中包括信用机构、担保机构、中小银行、创业板市场以及创业投资体系等，这些都有效地支持了中小企业的发展。 不论是从商业银行还
6、是中小银行的运营特点来看，银行经营的风险控制都是十分重要的，这也就决定了银行在放贷时不可能承受许多未知的风险，风险承受力低就决定了银行的对中小企业得到“慎贷”行为。这是很难改变的现实。而从另一个方面看，就算未来中国建立了自己的创业板市场，能够到创业板市场上市也是部分优质的中小企业发展到一定阶段和规模后的事情，而真正能够到这个阶段的企业，可能也不那么急切地需要钱。对于大部分的中小企业而言，可能不具备这样好的自身条件。那么怎么办呢？ 笔者认为,目前,中国的资本市场还不完善，各种新型的投融资工具还在不断的建立和完善之中，比如近两年迅猛发展的公募基金,已经被各阶层的人认识和接受，并成为证券市场中不可小
7、觑的一支力量。公募基金的蓬勃发展反映了我国民间资本十分雄厚，长期低迷的存款利率激发了百姓的投资意识。实际上，与阳光化的公募基金相比，另一支民间资本力量也早已暗潮涌动，那就是私募基金，特别是近两年，私募基金合法化的呼声特别高涨。 近两年，海外基金加速对中国的投资。根据美国投资集团华平(Warburg Pincus)的数据，在华私人股权投资已经从2001年的约5.18亿美元，增至2005年的10.7亿美元。清科公司总裁倪正东称，2005年，国际私募基金在中国规模达到300亿美元左右，当年仅创投机构在海外募集的基金中就有40亿美元投向了中国。据不完全估计，在今年成立的海外私募基金中，已有近20只针对
8、亚太地区的基金成立，每只规模都超过10亿美元。这其中不乏凯雷、华平、黑石、新桥以及欧洲的3i集团等国际大型私募基金公司。据了解，高盛募集了面向全球投资、总规模高达85亿美元的“高盛资本伙伴第五基金”，未来3年至5年内，其投资中国的资产比例会占到资金总额的30%左右。 目前，活跃在中国的国际私募股权投资机构基本上有以下几类:(1)海外基金公司直接在中国设立的分支或办事机;(2)国际化背景的本土化投资公司;(3)国际投资银行或证券公司的私人股权投资部门；(4)国内资金通过离岸公司在国内的投资。 国内本土的风险投资机构基本上是由政府投资设立、企业联合投资设立或企业内部设立的，国内民营的风险投资机构几
9、乎没有。比如鼎晖投资基金管理公司的前身是中国国际金融有限公司(CICC)的直接投资部；清华科技创业投资有限公司是由清华大学企业集团与首钢总公司联合国内著名金融机构、创业投资基金、上市公司、大型企业集团及民营资本等共同设立的有限责任公司；上海张江创业投资有限公司股东方为上海创业投资有限公司、上海浦东科技投资有限公司、上海张江高科技园区开发公司和上海陆家嘴金融贸易区开发股份公司等。 从资金供给来看，目前国内的私募股权投资基金非常充裕。对此，业内人士感觉颇深，前些年，基本上都是创业企业追逐投资公司，而现在往往是几家投资公司同时在追逐一家优质创业企业，投资基金主动寻找创业企业的情况越来越普遍。近几年，
10、私募股权基金的投资范围更加广阔，许多的传统行业也成了私募股权基金竞相投资的对象，比如酒店服务业、农业等。通过下面一组数据我们可以看出这些变化。 在2006年前三季度，私募股权基金在中国大陆共投资了的63个案例，投资总额达到了80.89亿美元。以行业的角度，传统行业占据了显着的地位，获得的投资也是非常巨额的， 38个投资案例共计吸引了38.96亿美元，投资案例数在整体案例中占到60.32%；其他高科技行业有7个投资案例，投资金额为12.76亿美元，仅占季度总投资额的3.4%。生物/医疗行业有4个案例，吸引私募股权投资达到了10.38亿美元，占季度总投资额的12.8%。 根据风险投资业内人士的分析
11、，根据不同经历，中国的创业企业家可以分为三种类型：第一类是从从大的跨国公司出来创业；第二类是海归；第三类是本土企业家。 目前中国相当一部分中小企业，特别是一些民营企业的经营效益有目共睹，强劲的增长势头使他们成为国际资本下一步瞄准的目标。随着私募股权基金在中国金融市场的日益活跃，受融资难困扰的中小企业除了找银行外，“私募股权”也会是一种不错的选择。专家称，在众多私募股权基金的参与下，也许今后广大的中国中小企业考虑的将不再是“我去何处融资”的问题，他们想得更多的应该是“我的企业怎样才能被私募股权相中”的问题。 而且，更让人欣喜的是，我国政府管理层已经认识到私募基金对于完善资本市场功能的巨大作用，并
12、正逐步给私募基金“松绑”。2005年8月31日，央行行长周小川表示，要在政策上考虑私募基金地位问题。紧接着央行副行长吴晓灵也在公开场合建议，将进行开放式监管，发展私募基金市场。这是多年来高层对私募基金首次正面的表态。2006年11月，有消息传出，国家有关产业投资基金试点管理办法目前正在紧急研究制定中，办法对产业投资基金的组织形式、监督管理机构等作出规定，为发展产业投资基金提供了法律环境和体制条件。 随着办法的出台，国内许多已经存在并积极运营多年的私募股权投资基金有望陆续走出地下，取得合法名分，这势必为引导基金的吸筹资金提供极大便利。而一旦私募股权投资基金大量地与中小企业合作，中小企业融资难的问
13、题也将逐步迎刃而解；从另一方面看，股权资本的介入对于中小企业的长远发展也是十分有帮助的。中小企业需要做的，就是要熟悉这一新的融资渠道，学习怎样与这些私募资本投资者打交道，想办法从这一渠道成功地融到所需的资金organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.
14、(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and grou
15、p (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of t
16、he Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanis
17、m. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party
18、committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Stand
19、ing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Cen
20、tral Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots ca
21、dres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthen
22、ing village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cad
23、res election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and s
24、teadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the
25、 cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implement
26、ation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group co
27、nstruction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult i
28、ssues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rur
29、al grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX
30、 award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association o
31、f XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement st
32、ep by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talen
33、t information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission m
34、anagement(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work i
35、n the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical resu
36、lts. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth Lea
37、gue propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two commit
38、tee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the min
39、d, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of
40、 the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to furt
41、her strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and
42、 implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an impor
43、tant part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, i
44、n-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and d
45、eveloping relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective w
46、ay to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and impleme
47、ntation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social develo
48、pment in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction o
49、f teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique