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1、 从教学评价中探索教学目标的有效达成论文关键词 教学评价 探索 有效方法论文摘要 教学评价的两个核心环节分为对教学工作的评价即课内外评估和对学习效果的评价即考试与测验。在对学生学习效果的评价中可以发现问题获取信息探索出教学目标达成的有效方法。全国基础教育改革纲要指出： “评价不仅要关注学生的学业成绩，而且要发现和发展学生多方面的潜能，了解学生发展中的需求，帮助学生认识自我，建立自信。发挥评价的教育功能，促进学生在原有水平上的发展”。新课程教学目标是“知识与技能，过程与方法，情感态度和价值观”，它的有效达成是新课程的价值追求和课程观念。但一些教师误
2、解并歪曲了评价功能，以为就是片面的知识考试，依然存在考什么就教什么、学什么的现象，一味地关注知识目标达成。 浙教版初中科学（79年级）是一门包括生命科学、物质科学、地球、宇宙和空间科学的综合学科。本文是针对生命科学领域中对学生学习效果方面的评价。从中探索出达成教学目标有效方法，有益于初中科学（79年级）教学。（调查对象是七上4个班167人、八上5个班205人、九上6个班222人） 一、教学中创设能主动建构的情境激励学生提出问题、解决问题从以下的学生学习效果评价中不难发现学得模糊、呆板。教学中应创设情
3、境激励学生主动提出问题，以学生原有的经验为基础去引导、解决问题。培养学生学会读图、处理信息等能力，全面提高科学素养，落实了学生关注生活，热爱生物、珍爱生命的情感教育。 评价1、（八上）生物都能对环境的刺激作出反应。我们用手触碰含羞草的叶，它会下垂，这个过程_属于反射活动（填是或不是）52人答错，错误率25.4评价2、（七年级上册）对下列问题分别写出一个名称或例子：1-1将鸽子和狗归为一类，将鱼、青蛙归为一类，分类根据的特征是_ 74人答错,错误率44.3，学生混淆了青蛙的生活习性。导致错答“陆生和水生”52人。1-2主要食茎的植物_ 89人答错,错误率53.3，学生对茎
4、的概念模糊，导致错答“萝卜”24人，“白菜、韭菜、葱”13人。为此可以发现学生欠缺关注身边的生物及质疑精神。评价3、（九上）下图是血液循环和气体交换示意图，请回答（图中7表示肺泡，8表示组织细胞)3-1图中流经4到B（左心房）流的是什么血_（填动脉血或静脉血）3-2上题判断理由是_128人答错，错误率57.7，错填“含氧量多、血液鲜红、二氧化碳减少”43人、“血液流入心脏、心房”23人。3-3一同学肌肉注射某药物，作跟踪检查，则先从心脏的哪个腔发现这药物（ ）A、左心房 B、左心室 C、右心房 D、右心室。66人答错，错误
5、率29.7。以上评价说明学生对血液循环的路径比较模糊同时缺乏读图能力。评价4、（九上）下列做法可行的是 （ ）169人答错、错误率76.1人体内的盐分大部分由肾脏滤过而排出体外由于淀粉有遇到碘变蓝的特性，可利用淀粉检验加碘食盐的真假我们的呼吸作用可以在细胞内进行的。生物体可以时时刻刻从外界吸收营养物质，合成身体新的组成成分，贮存能量A. B. C. D .情境创设1、“活动：学生用手触碰含羞草的叶，含羞草会作出
6、反应”启发提出问题“刺激作出反应是反射吗？”“植物会反射吗？”然后以反射的概念及植物没有神经系统等已有经验去解决情境创设2. “按特征给动植物怎么分类” 启发学生谈谈对生物的已有认识如 “是否夜行？是否飞行？是否开花？是否可以食用？”等肤浅的特征进行分类。教师深入引导学生提出问题如“食用植物的什么器官？以形态特征怎么分类？以生活习性（如青蛙）怎么分类？” 情境创设3、“以视频和图表结合探究人体血液是如何循环的？” 启发提出问题：“体循环中血液的流动情况是怎样的？” “药物进去是怎样循环的”“在哪个循环中把静脉血变成动脉血？”“肺泡内的气体交换气体是怎样变化的”又如评价4中若创设情境让学生提出问
7、题进行教学也许降低错误率。课堂中让每个学生完全沉浸在问题的提出，问题的解决中，学生思维在碰撞、在发散，兴趣在提高。一方面围绕情境主动提出问题而急切想得到答案的欲望；一方面解决了问题品尝成功的喜悦。尊重个性允许学生在提出、解决问题时出错，实践证明往往在错误中得到的更是终身难忘。从中培养学会竞争、学会以已有知识经验学习新知识的能力。二、教学中让学生体验学习过程、展示自我并把学习成果书面表达以下的评价中不难发现学生学得被动、虚假。教学中要强调主体性，注重学习过程，教师给予少些。开发学生的手、口、脑等器官，让学生积极体验、主动地建构并且要表达出来，尤其是把学习成果写出来，画出来，使情绪体验升华为情感教
8、育。评价5、（八上）一位建筑工人,在工作时不小心从3米多高处掉下,原来视力正常的他,现在却看不见任何东西了，经过医生检查,知道他的眼睛并没受伤。据此你认为受损的可能是哪一结构? _（填反射弧中的神经结构）61人答错，错误率29.8。出现神经结构与器官的混淆，引起错答“大脑、小脑、脑干、视网膜”32人。 评价6、（七上）植物细胞的结构比动物细胞多了叶绿体、细胞壁、液泡。请画出你在显微镜下看到动物细胞的形状及结构_ 66人答错，错误率39.5。其中只画图的26人、画图不规范的11人。以上评价说明学生缺乏亲身体验评价7、（七上）平常制作临时装片时，欲使玻片标本不产生气泡，应该怎样操作_ 143人答错
9、，错误率85.6 。其中错答“用镊子拿起放下的33人、玻璃盖轻轻慢慢小心放下71人”。评价8、（九上）为了研究唾液淀粉酶的催化作用会受哪些因素影响，实验结论如表格。试管编号加入物质温度1PH值滴加碘液后颜色变化12ml淀粉糊，2ml蒸馏水377变蓝色22ml淀粉糊，2ml唾液377不变色32ml淀粉糊，2ml唾液457变蓝色42ml淀粉糊，2ml唾液371.8变蓝色 8-1试管2滴加碘液后不变色的原因是_ 83人答错,错误率37.4其中有55人错答 “淀粉（糊）被唾液分解或被酶消化”、“碘使淀粉酶消化”“唾液被淀粉分解”。尤其是写不出“唾液淀粉酶”这名称占21人。8-2在试管2操作中
10、为了要使实验在更短的时间内完成，请指出改进实验的方法_144人答错,错误率64.9 其中错答如“升高温度 （水浴）45人”“搞不清淀粉糊及唾液量哪个应增加哪个应减少”有36人。以上后三题缺乏及时让学生把学习成果规范书写出来的技能培养。评价9、（七上）观察细胞调焦时_（填左或右）眼盯住物镜。112人答错，错误率67.1教学中要放足空间让学生在活动中亲身体验，如“设计同学间互相拍打引起缩手反射，体验反射活动的过程并体会反射弧结构及器官的概念差别”。“在教学观察细胞结构时让学生画出细胞图与结构” 。从中体验发现、建构知识与技能并将其转化为促进学生发展契机，或许可以降低评价9的错误率。放足
11、时间让学生在实验中主动建构出结论并由学生说出来、写出来。要给学困生体验的机会，在小组学习中不能让优生包办，杜绝教学成了优生演戏、学困生看戏的局面。即使有各种不成熟的表述，也要写出来，展示自己的成果，然后发动小组内及小组间进行讨论比较，教师引导把正确结论定下来，杜绝教师直接给答案。这样可以增加对学习成果的印象达到真才实学。培养终身学习的意识和方法，在实践中逐步形成乐学、爱学的情感、并体现了自己在学习中的价值。正在实施新课程的今天，有效达成教学目标的方法智者见智，上述两方面仅起借鉴作用。教学评价是教学的一种反馈，有利于教师在教学中找到自身的优势和不足。教师还可以参与各类观摩课、示范课、听课、评课等
12、活动的评价；各届、各市的中考评价，从中探索出更有效的方法，促使自己不断地发展与提高。主要参考文献1科学（7-9年级）课程标准解读（实验稿）.2002.杭州：浙江教育出版社2陆建身.2002.生物教育展望.上海：华东师范大学出版社/Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations ad
13、vanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots Le
14、ague and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the stren
15、gthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department wor
16、king mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in mun
17、icipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all leve
18、ls, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously impl
19、ement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county
20、grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countrysid
21、e, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote g
22、rassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, a
23、ctively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to s
24、trengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee
25、the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen
26、 the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot an
27、d difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and inc
28、rease the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full p
29、lay to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The
30、association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management,
31、 implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations thre
32、e young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen
33、the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do stati
34、stical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of the
35、oretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Commun
36、ist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of t
37、he two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancip
38、ating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority
39、of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the y
40、outh, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth.
41、 To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out educatio
42、n as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on D
43、evelopment, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inh
44、eriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club
45、, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the stud
46、y and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and
47、social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral c
48、onstruction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spir