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1、 新会计准则对企业财务管理实务的影响摘要 本文从新会计准则体系的框架结构入手,并以此为基础就新会计准则实施对财务报表使用者和编制者的影响进行了探讨。在比较新旧会计准则的基础上,对进一步完善企业财务管理提出了看法和建议。 关键词 新会计准则 差异 比较 财务管理析 2006年2月15日,财政部颁布了新企业会计准则。这在会计发展史上具有里程碑式的意义。新企业会计准则首次实现了与国际会计准则的全面接轨,将促成会计信息的重大变革,基于会计信息进行决策的财务管理在实务层面也将迎来新的挑战和契机。我国新企业会计准则在财务报告目标方面强调决策有用性,实务中财务管理较少利用会计信息的局面将会改观,会计与财务管
2、理的信息提供者和信息使用者的关系更紧密,会计信息对内部管理的决策更有价值。因此,研究新企业会计准则对财务管理的影响,对实务界乃当务之急。 一、新会计准则的特点及其对财务管理实务的影响 1.新准则对会计计量属性的影响 新会计准则体系在公允价值方面较以一前做出很多改进,从而对上市公司的会计规范提出了更高要求,大大增加会计准则的可操作性,减少执行过程中的随意性,有利于企业提高会计信息质量。其产生的影响主要有: (1)公允价值将成为利润调节工具 新会计准则实施后公允价值极有可能成为调节利润的工具。以非货币(即实物)交易为例,在过去非货币交易产生的收益,只能计入资本公积金,新会计准则实施后可直接计入当期
3、收益,进入企业利润表。 (2)运用公允价值对会计计量的影响 传统会计计量是建立在历史成本的基础上的,其仅仅对己发生的交易或价值进行计量,许多信息得不到反映。引入公允价值后,即将发生的价值也将计入会计信息内,但是由于历史成本原则的真实性使得其不能够退出会计的历史舞台。这样,历史成本原则与公允价值还要长期的共存下去。形成双计量的局面。 (3)公允价值的应用对会计概念的影响 现行会计对“资产”、“负债”等会计基本概念的定义是针对过去的交易或事项的结果进行定义的。而公允价值将未来发生的交易或事项也列入了企业资产中,对于传统意义上的“资产”概念产生了冲击,因此传统意义的“资产”概念必须改变。 (4)公允
4、价值对会计信息的影响 “公允价值,对会计信息的影响,主要体现在企业会计准则第3号投资性房地产、企业会计准则第20号企业合并两项新准则中。公允价值将即将发生的价值也计入到会计信息中,这样对于会计信息将产生很大的变化。 2.新准则对存货的管理办法的影响 原准则允许采用后进先出法,采用这种方法,本期销售发出成本是按后购入存货的价格作为计算依据,这样的数据接近于市价,比较符合配比原则,由此得到的利润也接近实际,能够比较真实地反映企业现行获利水平,便于恰当地解释、评价和预测企业的经营成果。但是,由于后进存货的成本先结转,期末存货的计价不能反映真实情况,会使存货成本出现低估现象,而且也为人为地调节利润提供
5、了机会。新存货准则取消了后进先出法。后进先出法是传统会计模式下消除物价变动影响的一种存货计价方法,这种方法在我国得到广泛的应用。与先进先出法相比,后进先出法成本流与实务流在大多数情况下并不一致,而先进先出法下的期末存货价值更具有价值相关性。在物价上升及企业持续发展的情况下,相对来说,先进先出法会调低当期销货成本,调高利润和资产,从而调低存货周转率,调高流动比率和净资产报酬率。若物价持续下跌,则会带来相反的结果。 3.新准则对资产减值准备计提的影响 以前,资产减值准备计提后的冲回一直是某些上市公司热衷的秘密游戏。常见操作手法有两种:其一,在当年大额计提资产减值准备(使得今年大幅亏损),下年冲回,
6、从而做出下年扭亏为盈的财务报表,以避免退市;其二,选择某一年超大额计提,其后几年缓慢冲回,制造业绩小幅稳定攀升的财务报表,操纵利润;其三,在赢利较大的年度,大幅度地计提资产减值准备以隐藏利润,增加当年费用,减少当年利润,待来年度盈利下降时,再运用转回手段增加利润。新会计准则规定,在计提跌价准备后将不能冲回,只能在处置相关资产后再进行会计处理,即体现收益。这样,利用计提手法调节利润将越来越难。 4.新准则对借款费用资本化范围的影响 在同等经营状况下,财务会计报告上列示的经营成果必将和实施前的产生明显差异。过去的借款费用准则将资本化的范围限定于使用专门借款购建的固定资产。而新准则把符合资本化的条件
7、扩大到“需要经过相当长时间的购建或者生产活动才能达到可使用或者可销售状态的资产,包括固定资产和需要经过相当长时间的购建或者生产活动才能达到可使用或可销售状态的存货、投资性房产等”。企业如果存在较多的除专门借款购建固定资产以外的此类资产产生的借款利息,过去直接计入当期损益,现在按新准则的要求要予以资本化计入资产价值,这就会大幅度调高借款当年的利润和资产、权益,调低资产负债率,调高净资产报酬率。因此,例如房地产企业在实行新准则后,它的各项财务指标都会较以前有很大的改观。 5.新准则对所得税的影响 新准则引入了资产负债表债务法,取消了我国以前绝大多数上市公司使用的应付税款法。应付税款法和资产负表债务
8、法最本质的区别就在于对暂时性差异的处理上。前者将暂时性差异对所得税的影响金额全部在当期利润中予以确认,而后者则将暂时性差异对所得税的影响金额递延到以后各期。如果企业存在较多的可抵扣暂时性差异,按应付税款法处理就要全部计入当期的所得税费用,而按照资产负债表债务法,其影响金额计入递延所得税资产或负债,这就会导致暂时性差异发生当期利润和权益的增加以及差异转回时利润和权益的减少;反之,若企业存在较多的应纳税暂时性差异,采用资产负债表债务法会导致差异发生当期利润和权益的减少而差异转回时利润和权益的增加。 二、新准则下企业财务管理实践的对策建议 新准则之所以做出以上变动,目的是为了更好地向财务会计报告使用
9、者提供经营成果信息,尽量真实地反映企业的财务状况,从而帮助报告的使用者做出正确的决策。新准则的采用会改变目前上市公司财务报表的报出标准,进而有可能使上市公司的利润在短期内发生较大的变化。因此作为报告使用者,应分析新准则对财务报告的影响并正确理解报告中所含的信息。 1.要关注上市公司采用新准则体系后带来的利润波动 要进行纵向比较,深入分析变动原因,判断报表项目的异常变动是否是由于采用新准则造成的。如财务状况恶化的公司利润大幅增加是否是由于债务豁免产生的大额营业外收入造成的,高科技企业利润大幅下降很可能是将后进先出法改为先进先出法导致的,借款金额较大的公司利润提升很可能是借款费用资本化范围扩大引起
10、的。然后还要注意横向的比较,如同一控制下和非同一控制下企业合并的会计处理方法不同,必然会导致不同的结果。只有因地制宜地深入分析财务比率变动的原因,充分考虑可能影响财务比率的环境因素,才能为决策提供更具体相关和有用的信息。 21.新准则存在对报表编制者有利而对报表使用者不利的影响 首先,非货币性资产交换恢复使用公允价值,虽然需要判断交易是否具有商业实质,但由于信息不对称、判断的客观性较弱,为报表编制者提供了利用公允价值制造虚假利润的机会。其次,债务重组恢复了“重组收益”进入利润表的资格,又给利润表带来“虚假繁荣”的机会。再次,投资性房地产计量引入公允价值计价模式(期末根据公允价值变化调整账面价值
11、,差额直接计入当期损益),在公允价值不公允的情况下,为企业调节利润留下了空间。 3.相关性和可靠性的权衡 新会计准则强调可比性,而旧会计准则强调真实性,完整性。广义上说,就是新会计准则强调财务报表对外提供会计信息的有用性,保证同一企业不同期间和同一期间不同企业的财务报表相互可比,而旧会计准则强调财务报表对外提供会计信息的可靠性。相关性和可靠性之间的关系一直备受关注。笔者认为,相关性和可靠性作为会计信息的基本质量特征是互为基础,缺一不可的。失去可靠性的相关性信息,只会误导投资者的决策;没有相关性的可靠性信息,对投资者而言也只是无用的信息,因此,相关性和可靠性是同等重要的。当相关性和可靠性不能同时
12、兼顾时,应当根据经济环境和投资者的需求来决定偏重于哪一方。 4.要特别重视公允价值对财务报告的影响 要分析企业采用的公允价值是否合理,是否存在利用公允价值调节利润的情况。同时关注公允价值变动损益在营业利润中所占的比重,以分析企业主营业务的获利能力。 5.公允价值变动损益的列报 新会计准则规定,公允价值变动损益是指一项资产在取得之后的后续计量中采用公允价值计量模式时,期末资产账面价值与其公允价值之间的差额。公允价值变动损益是新会计准则新增的一个利润表列报项目,投资性房地产和金融工具等采用公允价值计量模式的资产期末账面价值与公允价值的差额都要计入该项目。公允价值变动损益反映了资产在持有期间因公允价
13、值变动而产生的损益。而在旧会计准则和会计制度中,资产在持有期间因公允价值变动而产生的未实现收益不予以确认。笔者认为,列报公允价值变动损益主要是基于以下三个目的:首先,改善财务报表的收益信息质量,提高会计报表信息的透明度。其次,为财务报表各部分协调一致提供一种有效方法。再次,在借鉴国际会计准则的基础上,为与国际会计准则接轨而提出。 6.加强对报表附注的阅读 建议将企业的经营业务和其他业务在报表附注中详细披露,或者以附表的形式披露,具体可以包括经营业务和其他业务的种类、金额、各自占利润总额的比例以及上期同比情况。通过这些信息的披露,即使部分企业能够保持盈利,投资者也能够察觉出这些企业主要依靠非经营
14、性业务来保持盈利或者企业各期经营业务不正常的频繁变化,从而做出正确决策。 参考文献: 1李峥:从信贷评审角度看新会计准则对企业财务分析的影响.金融论坛, 2007/2 2裘宗舜:财务报表的组成及列报要求与国际会计准则的比较.财会月刊(理论), 2006/3 3郑庆华赵耀:新旧会计准则差异比较分析.经济科学出版社, 2006 4周钰芳:新旧存货准则评价方法变动及其影响.商场现代化, 2006/7 5李群:浅析新企业会计准则的实施对经营成果列示和计量的影响.财经纵横, 2006/6 6丁秀梅:谈执行新会计准则对企业财务状况的影响.会计之友, 2006/9 BRorganization system
15、 and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote
16、the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team buildi
17、ng(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, c
18、ities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general el
19、ection and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assis
20、tant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of inve
21、stigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission munic
22、ipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organizat
23、ion Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels
24、throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct w
25、ork, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work,
26、on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To selec
27、t outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs
28、 attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance wit
29、h the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers,
30、 establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal i
31、n recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who w
32、on the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young tale
33、nts.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at va
34、rious levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Com
35、munist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere
36、to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management wor
37、k institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the wo
38、rk of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, stud
39、y and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of th
40、e 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere gras
41、p orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a social
42、ist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Den
43、g Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on De
44、velopment combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Ou
45、tlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotati
46、on, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people es
47、tablish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the w
48、ork of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound