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1、普通生物学笔记(陈阅增)2（Notes on ordinary biology (Chen Yuezeng) 2）Notes on General Biology (Chen Yuezeng) - Biology recommended for postgraduate studiesCollege dynamics2008 graduate admissions2006.07 years.English studyPostgraduate entrance examinationPostgraduate entrance examinationData noteReexamination i
2、nformationNote questionsMedical examination dynamicKaobo dataKaobo.The | news | industry | experimental | professional | instrument | | download pictures | | PubMed biological science | biological | mall | | | business | video blog forum| |Home page|Postgraduate entrance examination information|stud
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4、ata purchase|Navigation: biology show exam notes information notes general texts of biology notes (Chen Yuezeng)Author: qgchu source: BIOON Click: 81630 time: 2005-4-245., six categories: Chinese biologist Chen Shixiang proposed the six boundary classification system:Non Cell Biology III eukaryotic
5、organisms1. virus Kingdom 4. plant kingdom5. fungi of prokaryotes2. bacterial kingdom 6. animal kingdom3. cyanobacterial communityTwo 、 zoology and its branches(a) the definition of animal science animal to animal as the research object, the viewpoints and methods of biology, physiology and ecology,
6、 the relationship between morphology, classification, evolution, and human system of animal science.(two) the main branches of zoology: according to the content of the study, zoology is divided into many different branches,There are mainly the following categories:Zoology: the study of the internal
7、and external structures of animals and their changes in ontogeny and in the development of the system. Among them, anatomy is the study of organ structures and their relationships. The science of studying the microscopic structure of cells and organs, called cytology and histology. It is called comp
8、arative anatomy to study the evolutionary relationship by comparing the similarities and differences of modern animal organ systems. The study of the formation of the body and organ system in ontogeny is called embryology. In addition, the study of extinct animals in fossil formations is called pale
9、o zoology.Animal systematics: study the degree of similarity or dissimilarity between groups of animals, and classify them into systems, as if to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary processes, and developmental regularities.Animal physiology: Study of animal body function of lif
10、e (such as circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, stimulus response etc.), the development of a variety of functional changes, and the environmental conditions under the influence of reaction etc.Animal Ecology: Based on the dialectical unity of organisms and environmental con
11、ditions, studies the laws of animal life and their relationships with abiotic and biotic factors in the environment.According to the studied animals, they are divided into protozoa, entomology, parasitology, fish science, bird science and mammal science.Because of the interpenetration of biology and
12、 physics and chemistry, interdisciplinary disciplines such as biophysics and biochemistry have been formed.The rapid development of biochemistry has a particularly significant impact on the biological sciences, including the various branches of zoology. Such as the in-depth study of the gene substan
13、ce DNA,It is possible to alter the characteristics of the organism by direction, or even create biological species that are not present in the world. Research in this area is called genetic engineering. Another example is the comparative study of human beings, chimpanzee, monkey, chicken and other b
14、iological structure of cytochrome c, and perfected the biological evolution tree, which provides a further scientific basis for the classification and evolution of arguments.In recent years, from the molecular level to clarify the nature of the phenomenon of life, has involved all aspects of biologi
15、cal science, research in this regard is called molecular biology. Molecular biology has become one of the most active fields in current biology.In addition, the study of the construction principles of animals and the science that provides the basis for other new engineering techniques is called bion
16、ics.Three. A brief history of zoologyThe development of zoology has experienced a very long process, roughly divided into three stages:(1) describing biological stagesVital interests, accumulation of knowledge. Morphological, anatomical, classification, growth, breeding, etc.Aristotle, father of zoo
17、logy (Aristotle, 384322)(B.C.): fauna. Jia Sixie: qiminyaoshu. Li Shizhen: Compendium of Materia Medica. Hooke (Hooke, R): microscope. Cell theory (cellTheory) the tissues of plants and animals are made up of cells; all cells are divided or fused by cells; eggs and sperm are cells; a cell divides in
18、to tissue. Proposed by German botanist Schleiden, M.J. and zoologist Schwann and T. in 18381839 years.The significance of cell theory: at the cellular level provides the organic world unified evidence proves that plant and animal cells have the common origin, as of nineteenth Century in the field of
19、 natural science of dialectical materialism against metaphysics and idealism, provides a strong evidence for the development of modern biological science; and conditions for acceptance the concept of biological evolution, promote the study of modern biology.6 Linnaeus (C.Linne, 1700 - 1778): establi
20、shed the classification system for plants and animals, plants and plants of the genus Chi Chi,Darwin (C.Darwin, 1809 - 1882): origin of species, evolution(two) experimental biology stageThe study of life in the experimental conditions of the law: Mendel and Morgan: genetic isolation, linkage and exc
21、hange three laws. Pasteur: microbiology, pathogenic microorganism infection.(three) molecular biology stage: protein molecular structure, enzyme properties and DNA double helix structure. 2DNA - RNA - Protein central law. The composition, expression, inheritance, labeling, isolation, extraction, tra
22、nsduction, silence, deletion, mutation, beating, sequencing and so on. Human genome project. Cloning technology, embryo transfer, stem cell research and so on. The biology and three major problems. The biology of the future will be a comprehensive science of mathematics, physics, chemistry and astro
23、nomy.Four. Study the basic viewpoints and methods of zoologyNature is an interdependent, interdependent and complex whole, and animals are a part of the biological world. Study and study life sciences,First of all, have the right biological perspective. The exploration of the nature of complex pheno
24、mena of life cannot draw conclusions in a simple way. It is necessary to analyze and integrate the facts of science with a biological point of view.(a) the basic point of view: the biological point of view: dynamic attention uniform morphology and function of organism, to adapt to the environment, t
25、he relationship between the whole and local, between the various levels of the organism contact, and the unity of the individual development and the development of the system.(two) basic methods1. observation Description: observation is the most basic method of zoology research, through observation
26、from the objective world to obtain the original first-hand material. The basic requirement of scientific observation is to objectively reflect what is observed and can be tested. The observations must be repeatable. Only repeatable results are testable, and thus reliable results. Observation require
27、s scientific knowledge. Observation must not be bound by old knowledge. Describe the outcome of the observation; record it faithfully. Including: text description, drawing (biological map), photography, camera, instrument recording, etc.2. Comparative Law: without comparison, there is no discriminat
28、ion. Without comparison, there is no way to reveal the relationship between unity and diversity of life. Without comparison, we can not deal with large quantities of materials from simple to complex, from low to advanced.It is only through the comparison of macro morphological structure to microscop
29、ic cellular and molecular level of different species animals that we can study the various problems of zoology and get the correct conclusion.ThreeExperimental method: the experiment is to observe and study the phenomenon of human life under the condition of human intervention and control of the obj
30、ect of study.4. artificial life: Animal pharmacological experiments, animal pathology experiments, computer simulation (input animal sounds, explore the rules of higher nervous thinking activities).Last page, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 8. Next pageNo movement - the latest biological PubMed forum posts list
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46、 - Shenyang version)2004 Ma Bao Ren notes from Shanghai EconomicsNankai 99 General BiologyGeneral biology examination questions of East China Normal University2003 Graduate School of general biology, Sichuan University| set home | with | about us | strategic partner | Links | legal statement | advertising service | contact us | site map |Copyright © 2003-2007 (China; biological show and bio technology show). All rights reserved. For the record: Lu ICP No. 05001831Customer service letter: customer service telephone: 13527437296 customer service QQ:254857951B All Rights Reserved.