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1、English grammar：,Noun Clauses,判断下列是什么从句：,1. Where he was born was unknown to us. 2. I dont know where he was born. 3. The unknown was where he was born.,4. I dont know the fact where he was born. 5. He worked where he was born. 6. He worked in the city where he was born.,I dont know where he was bor
2、n. He worked where he was born.,辨析：宾语从句VS状语从句,I dont know the fact where he was born. He worked in the city where he was born.,辨析：定语从句VS同位语从句,复合句、主句、从句的概念,复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只能用作句子的一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语。 从句担任哪个句子成分，这个从句就叫该成分的的从句。,英语中的从句有：,状语从句 定语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句,
3、状语从句：,时间状语从句 地点状语从句 条件状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 方式状语从句 让步状语从句 比较状语从句,状语从句是副词性修饰性从句,定语从句：,限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句,定语从句是形容词性修饰性从句,名词性从句的概念,名词在句子中一般可以充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语。从句在语法功能上相当于名词，也可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语、同位语。因此，主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句统称为名词性从句。,名词性从句的引导词,引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 1连接词 2连接代词 3连接副词,连接词：,that whether if (一般仅用于宾语从句) as if
4、(用于表语从句) 它们不充当从句的任何成分,连接代词：,what whatever who whoever whom whose which,连接副词：,when where why because how how组成的词组如：how many,how long, how far 等,学习名词性从句的要点,1、名词性从句的语序的考查 2、名词性从句的连接词的考查 3、宾语从句的时态呼应 4、同位语从句的辨别和引导词的选择,名词性从句的语序的考查,What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so
5、 well. The question is whether she is coming. Could you tell me where he lives? I had no idea whether he will come on time?,名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，而不是一般疑问句的语序。,注意：,that和what的运用,he wants is a book. light travels in straight lines is known to all.,What,That,The result is we won the game . That is we are looki
6、ng for.,that,what,Please tell us is happening there. We should pay attention to the teacher is saying. I dont know she is coming.,what,what,that,The news China succeeded in sending up a manned spaceship was exciting. The news he told us was exciting.,that,that,注意：,that和what都可以引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，that在从
7、句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用；what在从句中不仅起连接作用，还在从句中充当成分。 what一般不用来引导同位语从句。 what不能用作关系代词，因此也不能引导定语从句。,that的省略（1）,I dont think that she is coming. I think it necessary that you should read English aloud. He told me that his parents had died in the accident and that he had to make a living all by himself.,( ),( ),t
8、hat,that,that的省略（2）,That he is top in his class makes his parents very happy. Its pity that he has made such a mistake. The reason is that he is careless. The news that our basketball team won the match made us excited.,That,that,that,that,注意：,单个宾语从句中的that可以省略；但用it作形式宾语的宾语从句、并列宾语从句中第二个及以后宾语从句中的that不
9、可以省略。 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的that一般不可以省略。,if和whether的运用（1）,we will go to town tomorrow depends on the weather. The question is he should do it. The doctor cant answer the question the old man can survive the operation.,Whether,whether,whether,if和whether的运用（2）,I asked him he could finish the job on time. D
10、o you know we are worried about he is safe? I dont know he could finish the job on time or not.,whether / if,whether,whether,注意：,引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只能用whether。 引导宾语从句时应注意： （1）动词后的宾语从句可以用if，也可以用whether。 （2）介词后的宾语从句只能用whether。 （3）宾语从句中有or not时，一般用whether。,what和which的运用,There are so many things. I dont k
11、now I have to choose. The books are so good and useful. I dont know I have to choose.,what 泛指的事物，没有一定的范围 which 特定事物中的“哪一个”，有一定的范围,what,which,why和because运用,His car broke down on the way. That was he was late. 他的车在路上抛锚了，那就是他迟到的缘故。 Why did he fail in the exam? That was he was careless.,why强调结果；because强
12、调原因。,why,because,who和whoever的运用,Whoever/Who breaks the law should be punished. I will give this book to whoever/who needs it.,what和whatever的运用,We will do whatever/what we can to help you. Whatever/What he says is always reasonable.,which和whichever的运用,You may take whichever/ which you like.,注意：,在引导名词
13、性从句时，who、what、which有疑问意味；whoever、whatever、whichever是它们的强势语，不含有疑问意味。如： I dont know broke the window. I dont know I should choose.,who,what/which,其他连接词的运用,思考：横线上可以填那些连接词？ I dont know we will go.,根据回答选择适当的连接词：,I dont know we will go. We wont. I dont know we will go. Next Sunday.,whether / if,when,I don
14、t know we will go. The factory where his father works. I dont know we will go. By bus.,how,where,I dont know we will go. To give them a hand with their work. I dont know we will go. I dont know, either.,that/whether,why,宾语从句的时态呼应,He believes that his dream will come true one day. Please tell me what
15、 you think of the plan.,He told me that he was preparing for the coming mid-term examination. He said that he had been away from his hometown for ten years. He asked me where I lived.,The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.,同位语从句的辨别和引导词的选择,I dont know the fact where he
16、was born. He worked in the city where he was born.,名词性从句中it的运用,it作形式主语 it作形式宾语,it作形式主语,主语从句有时会很长，复合句就显得头重脚轻，因此，可以把主语从句移到复合句后面，而在句首使用it作形式主语。用it作形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： It + be + adj. + that-clause It + be + P.P.+ that-clause It + be + n.+ that-clause It + vi + that-clause,It + be + adj.+ that-claus
17、e,It is necessary that有必要 It is important that重要的是 It is obvious that很明显,It + be + P.P. + that-clause,It is believed that 人们相信 It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已决定,It + be + n. + that-clause,It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是,It +
18、vi + that-clause,It appears that 似乎 It seems that 似乎 It happens that 碰巧,注意：,当that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，也要以it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?,it作形式宾语,如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，连接宾语从句的that不省略。 We made it a rule that we read English in the morning I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.,Goodbye!,