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1、Grammar,Attributive clause,一、定语从句的三个概念: 1. 定语从句：用来做定语的句子叫定语从句。 2. 关系词：引出定语从句的词叫关系词。 3. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。,二、关系词在从句中的作用： 1. 引导定语从句； 2. 关系词本身没有词义，代替先行词 的词义； 3. 必须充当定语从句中的一个成分. *根据在定语从句中所充当的成分将引 导定语从句的关系词分为： 关系代词和关系副词。,三. 关系词的用法： （一）引导定语从句的关系代词有: who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语
2、、定语(whose)等成分。,1先行词是人时的情况： 1)先行词是人, 从句中缺少主语时, 用who或that作从句的主语。 e.g. I have a friend who/that likes listening to classic music. 我有一个喜欢听古典音乐的朋友。,注意定语从句的翻译！,2）先行词是人，从句中缺动词宾语或介词宾语时，用whom,who或that。 e.g. She is the girl whom/who/that I met at the meeting. 她是那个我在会议上遇到的女孩。 e.g. He wants to return the book t
3、o the girl whom/who/that he cares for. 他想把书还给那个他喜欢的女孩子。,可以把从句中的for提前吗？那么第二个句子中的介词呢？,e.g. He wants to return the book to the girl whom/who/that he cares for. He wants to return the book to the girl whom/who/that you know well about. He wants to return the book to the girl about whom you know well.,*
4、I. 当先行词是one, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those 等, 指人时 一般用who，不用that。 e.g. Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school. (教材U6 reading里还有一句作为例证）,2. 先行词是物时的情况： 1）先行词是物, 从句中缺少主语时, 用that, which。 e.g. Youd better not drink water which /that has not been boiled. 你最好
5、不要喝没开的水。,2）先行词是物, 从句中缺少动词宾语或介词宾语时, 用which或 that。 e.g. Finally the thief handed the money which /that he stole to the police. 最后小偷把他偷的钱交给了警察。 e.g. This is the house which/that once Lu Xun lived in. 这是鲁迅曾经居住过的房子。,II. 在以疑问词who开头的句子中, 或关系代词在从句中作表语时, 用that, 不用who。 e.g. Who is the man that is shouting the
6、re? 正在那边叫喊的那个人是谁？ e.g. She is not the girl that she used to be. 她已经不是过去的她了。,3.下列情况下, 最好用that引导定语从句: 1）先行词是不定代词, 如all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing, none, some 等。 e.g. Is there anything that you want?,2）先行词被all, every, no, some, little, few, much, one of , the only, the very, the
7、right 等所修饰时。 e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. 他唯一记得的东西是她的名字。,3）先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 e.g. This is the first film that Ive seen since I came here. 这是我来到这里以来看的第一部电影。,4）先行词中既有人又有物时。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school. 他们谈论了他们所记得的学校里的老
8、师和一些事情。,4关系代词作宾语时的特别情况： 关系代词作宾语时通常可省略。但是当作介词的宾语且介词提前到定语从句句首时，不能省略，要根据先行词的内容选择whom和which，即构成介词+whom/which的结构。 *介词后面不可用that ! *介词可提前的情况: 非不可拆分的短语动词,The artist _ the judge gave a prize is the teacher _ I have been taught painting for two years. from whom; by whom to whom; who from; who to whom; by whom
9、,D,2. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which,B,3. -Why does she always ask you for help? -Ther is no one else _, is there? who to turn to she can turn to for whom to turn D. for she to turn,B,
10、5.whose的用法： 1) 先行词是人，从句中缺少定语时，用 whose。 e.g. Do you know the boy whose parents are on holiday? 2）先行词是物，且从句中缺少定语时， 也可用whose或the+名词+of which 的结构。 e.g. We study in the classroom whose door /the door of which faces south. 我们在那个门朝南开的教室里学习。,6. 关系代词as的用法： 引导的限制性定语从句, as用作关系代词, 既可指人, 也可指物。在定语从句中可做主语, 宾语和表语。它
11、常用在the sameas, suchas, asas, soas 句型中，as不可省略。 e.g. Such girls as he knew were teachers. 他认识的女孩都是老师。 e.g. I will buy the same bike as you ride. 我要买和你骑的一样的自行车。,* 若与the same连用指同一物时, 关系代词只能用that。 e.g. This is the same museum that you once visited. 这就是你曾经参观过的那个博物馆。,-What a beautiful place! - This is the
12、park _the best. A. where I like B. that I like C. what I like D. I like it,B,Exercises,2. _ hold the special card will be free of charge for this book. A. People B. Those people C. Those ones D. Those who,D,3. The days _ I spent in the countryside in my childhood were the happiest time _I had ever h
13、ad in my life. A. when; when B. where; that C. that ; which D. that ; that,D,4. He is the same teacher _ spoke at the meeting on the opening ceremony. A. as B. whom C. that D. who,C,5. The second book _ I want to read is Travels in China by Rewi Alley. A. which B. what C. that D. as,C,6.This is all_
14、I know about the matter. A.that B.what C.who D. whether,7.The last place _we visited was the Great Wall. A.which B.that C.where D.it,8.He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him greatly in the school. A.which B.that C.it D.whom,A,B,B,9.This is one of the best books_ by Hai Yan. A.tha
15、t have ever been written C. that has written B.that has ever been written D.that have written,10.Which of the books_were borrowed from him is the best? A.which B.what C.that D.whose,A,C,11.The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in
16、 which D. on which,12. I bought an ancient Chinese vase _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of it,C,B,13.He built a telescope_he could study the skies. A.in which B.with that C.through which D. by it,14.This is the very knife_I used to cut apples yes
17、terday. A.that B.by which C.which D.with which,C,A,15.A.Mr Smith is one of those foreigners who _ working in China. B. Mr. Smith is the only one of those foreigners who_working in China. A.is B.has C.have D. are,D,A,（三）引导定语从句的关系副词有： where, when,why等。 关系副词在定语从句中也有三个作用：,1. 引导一个定语从句；,2.在从句中部分代替先行词；,3.在
18、从句中充当地点,时间或是原因状语.,1. 关系副词where引导的定语从句,1) 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在 从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系 副词where引导。,e.g. The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable pre-historical rock paintings by chance,那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里 他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。,在上
19、述例句中，where代表in the cave，作 地点状语。,2) 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成 “介词which”的形式。,e.g. The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars,美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了 那些金条。,3)当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语， 而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词 that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。,e.g. The Yangtze Gorges is a
20、 beautiful place _ people all over the world look forward to visiting,e.g. The Yangtze River is our mother river _ the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization,(that which）,where,在第一句的定语从句中，visiting是一个 及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where 不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导， 而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中， 不缺主语、宾语、
21、表语，所以用where作状语,2.关系副词when引导的定语从句:,1)当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在 从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副 词when引导。,e.g. Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand year of sleep .,伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了 千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。,2)与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以 转换成“介词which”的形式。,e.g. All the Chin
22、ese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Five Star Flag was raised in Hong Kong,海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗 在香港的土地上升起时的日子。,3)当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语， 而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词 that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。,e.g. The film reminded me of those miserable days _ I spent in my childhood,这部电影
23、使我想起了我童年时代度过的 那些苦难日子。,(that which）,3.关系副词why引导的定语从句,1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason，引导词不 在从句中作主、宾、表语时，定语从句需要用 关系副词why引导。,e.g.Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine,你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？,2)我们也可以用for which来替代why。,e.g. The reason why for which you failed， I think，was that you had turned a
24、deaf ear to your mothers advice,我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。,注：在“The reason why sb. does sthis that 从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。,*1. 关系副词常可换成“介词+关系代词”， 但先行词前已有介词时，一般不换。,2. situation, point, case, stage, scene等名词后也常接where 引导的从句。,e.g. It gets to the point where communication is simply not possible.,这使得交流达到了难以成为可能
25、的地步。,3. from where/ since when为“介词+关系副词”的结构，也可以引导定语从句。,e.g. He left school in 1983, since when he has been working in a bank.,非限制性定语从句,1.非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别,限制性定语从句，顾名思义，是对先行词从 本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，它 所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人 或事、物。,e.g. A man who doesnt want to learn from others cant achieve much,一个不向别人学习的人是
26、不能指望有多大成就的。,a man被限定后，指一类特定的人。,限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。,非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词 作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子 的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句 之间通常必须有逗号隔开。,e.g. Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam，which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present,最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前 世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。,本句
27、若去掉定语从句，主句部分的含义仍然完整。 历年的高考题中，非限制性定语从句是出现频率 最高的考点之一，因此值得我们注意。,He has three sons who are working in the city.,He has three sons, who are working in the city.,比较：,2.引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代 前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。,e.g. That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around,彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还
28、没宣布，却已被传 得沸沸扬扬 .,3.除which外，还可用when， where， who，whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。,e.g. After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life,毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。,e.g. Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II， when
29、Jews were badly treated in Germany,第二次世界大战期间，爱因斯坦离开德国去 了美国，那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。,注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。,4.在限制性定语从句中，如果关系代词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。,e.g.The American journalist (whom who） the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters,播音员
30、在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者 据说已经被匪徒杀害了。,e.g. He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother,他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生 母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。,5.as 作为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词必须是整个句子，而which作为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句， 其先行词既可以是整个句子也可以是名词.通常意思翻译为“正如”。,e.g.The moon travels around the earth o
31、nce every month, as is known to everybody.,众所周之，。,当as和which都指代整个句子时，as可以置于主句 的前、中,位置较灵活；但which 不能引导定语从 句置于句首。,e.g.As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.,高考中的特殊考点，务必要有经验应对,1. 定语从句的主谓一致 e.g. The recorder that has been thrown away is Japanmade. I, who am your clas
32、smate, will share the work with you. 2. one of the 复数 / the only one of the 复数 e.g. He is one of the students who have made great progress. Mr. Wang is the only one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.,3. 定语从句的插入 e.g. I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and frien
33、dly. I went to Xiao Wang, who I knew was ready to help me at any time. 4. 定语从句中的倒装 e.g. That is our school, in front of which lies a large wheat field. We got to a farmhouse, where lived an old farmer and his son.,5. 分隔定语从句 e.g. The days are gone when we suffered so much. The boss of the company, wh
34、ose name is Mr. Little, told the story. 6. 注意way 和time 后定语从句的情况 e.g. I dont like the way in which/that/不填 you speak to your parents. (状语） The way that/which / 不填 you explained to us was quite simple. （宾语）,e.g. This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country. I can hardly remembe
35、r how many times (that) Ive failed. There was a time in history when women had no right to vote. Can you still remember the time when we lived in the countryside?,time 做次数讲，用that， 可省略，做一段时间讲做状语用when，视语境而定when = at/ during / on which,7. 地点模糊的先行词，后跟which引导的定语从句 * point, situation, case, position, stag
36、e, scene, spot, activity, family, job e.g. We are in the position where we may lose a large sum of money. Can you think of a situation where this word can be used? After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed to decide what to do.,8. 动词+名词+介词/副词 have difficulty in doing have trouble in doing make fun of pay attention to play a role in take an active part in take good care of 短语中的名词作为先行词，其余的词成为从句中的谓语部分 e.g. You cant imagine the difficulty I had in finding the way to the station. The role that he played in the activity was pretty important.,