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1、2021/2/9,How to Write 如采用“研究导向”, 则使用过去式（如：This study investigated）. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. We investigated whether captopril could red
2、uce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,45,(iii) 概述实验程序、方法和主要结果，通常用现在式,We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations. Our res
3、ults indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases.,(iv) 叙述结论或建议,可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could 等助动词。 We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting fo
4、r this discrepancy.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,46, 摘要写作的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明, 科技论文中被动语态的使用在19201970 年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”, “Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机抽查了500 份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知
5、”。统计表明, 82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定。 可见, 为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果, 在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回避第一人称和主动语态。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,47,(4) 摘要的常用表达方法, 引言部分(Introduction) (i) 回顾研究背景，常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe 等。 如： We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implication
6、s for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,48,(ii) 阐明写作或研究目的，常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim 等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当
7、目的状语来表达。如： We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.,(iii) 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention 等。 Here we st
8、udy the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,49, 方法部分(Methods) (i) 介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有：test, st
9、udy, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等。 We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kam
10、iokande detector.,(ii)说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate 等。 We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the Nat
11、ional Comorbidity Survey, ,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,50,(iii) 介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有：use, apply, application 等。 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsensteins dnaml program. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm
12、that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30., 结果部分(Results) (i) 展示研究结果，常用词汇有：show, result, present 等。 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis. Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cycli
13、c guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,51,(ii) 介绍结论，常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude 等。 We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. By means of informal mathemati
14、cal arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model., 讨论部分(Discussion) (i) 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe 等
15、。 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor. In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimens
16、ions of both temperament and character.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,52,(ii) 阐明论证，常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify 等。 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population. These res
17、ults demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis.,(iii) 推荐和建议，常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect 等。 The authors suggest that the most promising route to effect
18、ive strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. We propose two algorithms to estimate the significance level for a test of HWP.,(Ref: 任胜利, 国家自然科学基金委员会科学基金杂志社）,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,53,2.3.3 Introduction,
19、一个好的Introduction相当于文章成功了一半！,(1) 阐述自己研究领域的基本内容要尽量简洁明了,(2) 文献总结回顾 一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用；另一方面，文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果；此外，引用文献时不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,54,(3) 分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点 阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作。在阐述自己的创新点时，要紧紧围绕过
20、去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰地描述自己的解决思路。中文文章的特点是创新性要多要大，而英文文章的特点恰恰相反，深入系统的解决一到两个问题就算相当不错。,(4) 总结性描述论文的研究内容，可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述，为Introduction做最后的收尾工作。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,55,2.3.4 Methods,描述论文实验过程，重要的在于完整和科学。该部分可按实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等来组织行文。,(1) 实验对象，一般是人、动物或一些组织等，它们的基本信息要描述明确；此外要
21、注意国外刊物大多对牵扯到人或动物的实验都有一些特定要求，有些是不允许在人或动物身上进行的实验操作，这需要认真阅读投稿刊物中关于实验的详细规定；如果违反这一规定，可能会不接受评审或发表。,(2) 实验设备，要对仪器型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等作详细说明；实验设备之间的连接要科学正确，不要给人混乱或操作错误的感觉。设备使用时一些必要的步骤不可或缺，尤其是可能对实验结果造成特定影响的操作更要详细说明。一定要详细说明你的操作步骤或校正过程，便于评审人分析你的结果。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,56,(3) 实验材料，不同学
22、科有不同要求。总体上来说要注意说明材料选择的必要性，也就是对为什么要选择这种材料，最好有一定的说明。,(4) 实验过程，就是清楚描述实验的整个操作流程，一般要附以实验流程图进行说明。描述时要有鲜明的层次感，对每个步骤之间的顺序和关联要描述清楚，不要造成实验过程混乱不堪的印象，因为评审人最终判断你的实验是否合理，是从这个过程描述得来的。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,57,2.3.5 Results,(1) Results的要求是翔实准确。从某种意义上来说，结果不够翔实并不导致论文直接被拒，但结果的真实性被怀疑文章就肯定被拒
23、。,(2) 结果提供一般包括表和图。表格能清晰展示论文获得的第一手结果，图示能将数据的变化趋势灵活的表现出来，更直接和富于感染力。杂志会尽量限制图的个数，因为会增加排版的困难，版面费和出版社的支出也就会增加。图片格式要求每个杂志不同，用tif格式较多，不推荐用bmp(jpg更不能用)。黑白图片可免费，彩色图片要收费。,(3) Results和Discussion分开写时，Results部分尽量不要涉及对结果的评论，最多是总结陈述结果就可以了。结果的描述也要注意层次安排，要按照条理性要求分别描述，显得逻辑性较强。,(4) Results中大多要提供统计结果。如果论文结果部分通篇都是统计分析的数据
24、，会显得凌乱不堪，表格可以避免这种情况。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,58,2.3.6 Discussion,(1) 选择要深入讨论的问题。如果你的结果体现了实验的独特性，是其他研究中没有得到的，那这个结果就是要重点讨论的问题。Discussion的一个重要作用就是要突出自己研究的创新性，并体现出显著区别于他人的特点。,(2) 对选中的问题按一定层次从多个角度进行讨论。 a) 首先要有类似结果的对比，说明自己结论的独特性；b) 其次要系统阐述为什么会有这样的结果。,(3) Discussion部分必须和Results保持
25、一致。Discussion的文字描述和语言表达的精确性尤为重要。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,59,2.3.7 Acknowledge & References,Acknowledge：1) 表明研究的基金来源，要标注清楚基金号码(Grant Number)；2) 对参与人员(没有列在作者中的研究人员)和单位表示感谢，如果通过一审和最终接受发表，还要添上对editor和anonymous reviewers的感谢。,References：重要在于格式。不同杂志对参考文献格式要求不一样。,2021/2/9,How to W
26、rite & Publish a Scientific Paper,60,2.4 英语学术论文写作的几个细节,(1) 时态：当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时，而不用一般过去时。 This paper describes The focus of this paper is Figure 1 shows Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.,(2) 数：在学术论文里，有时很难顾及数的逻辑。但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误。只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可。单、复数
27、的选用有一些非定性、但可供参考的趋向：,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,61, 当含意上强调复数时建议用复数 The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different. Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures. The physical
28、and chemical properties of this compound have been studied. The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different., 当含意上不强调复数时可用单数或复数 Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates. The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the co
29、mpounds in group 2. The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,62, 在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等，提到具体物质时常用复数 Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each
30、other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers. 在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等，提到抽象概念时可用单数、也可用复数 Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,63, 学术论文中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章。以下是在学术论
31、文中通常视为可数名词的单词(但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能被划归不可数名词)： application development consideration composition concentration distribution structure length weight, 当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数 The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 an
32、d Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show ,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,64,(3) 冠词, 单数名词前一般要加冠词：a , the等,表示不特指的、较抽象的概念时可不加： This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes
33、 from a variety of sources. Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm.,但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的，这是由它在句中的含义决定的(如有一定的特指意义)： Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a lo
34、w Tg (-73 ) and a high Tm (14 ).,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,65, 目录、标题中通常省略冠词： 1 Introduction1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations1-4 Molecular Weight1-5 Physical State,图、表的题目中有时可省略冠词： Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with
35、diethylene glycol at 166 Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.,化学药品、化学物质前通常不加冠词： The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.,图中的横、纵坐标的名称前不加冠词,2021/
36、2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,66,(4) 大小写：当提及具体第几章、节、图、表和方程式时，首个字母通常要大写。 As discussed in Chapter 2, In Section 1.2, we As shown in Figure 1, The results are listed in Table 3.,当不指明是第几章、节、图、表和方程式时，首个字母如在句中通常用小写。 In the previous chapter, As shown in this figure, ,2021/2/9,How to Write &
37、 Publish a Scientific Paper,67,(5) 缩写：以下全名和缩写在文中通常视为同等，可以互换。 Figure Fig. Figures Figs. Table Tab. Chapter Chap. Section Sec. Equation Eq. Equations Eqs.,(6) 一些常用词汇用法, research, study, investigate：research可做名词、动词，但通常做名词用，很少见到动词的用法。句中需要动词时常用study或investigate来表达。,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scien
38、tific Paper,68, detail/detailed The properties of this compound were studied in detail. The detailed properties of this compound were studied. The details of the properties of this compound were studied., follows/following The results are as follows: We got following results: , increase, decrease：均可
39、做名词和动词 We can observe an increase in the reaction rate. The reaction rate increases.,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,69, focus, concentrate focus: n., v. The focus of this paper is This paper focuses on Our study focuses on We focus our study on Our study is focused on concentrate
40、: v. We concentrate our study on Our study is concentrated on ,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,70, effect, affect effect: n. affect: v., compose, consist A is composed of B and C. A consists of B and C., increase, improve increase: 主要指数值上的增加。 improve: 主要指性质的增加、改善。,2021/2/9,How to
41、Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,71,(7) 名词修饰：在学术论文中，很多时候会用到直接用名词做修饰，而不用s 或 of 的形式。 常见的这类词有：reaction rate, reaction rate constant, reaction temperature, reaction condition, molecular weight distribution ,(8) 分词修饰：the reaction we studied, the temperature used, the nonlinearity observed 所有格：非人的所有格用of, 而不用s,2021/2/9,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,72,