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1、中考英语语法大全.名词1、总的说来，名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。如：China ; Lucy 等。2、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词没有复数形式。如：an egg , two eggs , some eggs ; milk , some milk 等。3、可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词变为复数形式的部分规则如下：一般情况加-s ，在清辅音后读/s/ ，浊辅音和元音后读/z/。在t后读/ts/ ，在d后读/dz/。如：cups ; bags ; trees ; ca
2、ts; beds等。以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的词加-es，读/iz/。如：buses ; watches ; boxes ; dishes 等。以ce , se , ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加-s，读/iz/。如：faces ; nurses ; prizes ; oranges等。以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es，读/z/。如：babies ; factories等。以f结尾的词变f为v，加-es，读/z/。如：leaves ; knives等。少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。如manmen ; childchildren等。表示民族的名词，有的在词尾加-s , 有的单、复数形
3、式相同。如：AmericanAmericans , ChineseChinese等。4、名词的所有格单数名词加s , 清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音和元音后读/z/。如：Mikes car ; Lucys coat以s结尾的复数名词加，读音不变。如：the teachers room ; the twins clothes不以s结尾的复数名词加s，与名词复数词尾-s的读音相同。如：mens room.代词1、人称代词主格：I , we , you , he , she , it , they ;宾格：me , us , you , him , her , it , them2、物主代词形容词性物主代
4、词：my , our , your , his ,her , its , their ; 名词性物主代词：mine , ours , yours , his , hers , its , theirs3、反身代词myself , ourselves , yourself , yourselves , itself , themselves.数词1、基数词one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, twenty, twenty-one, forty, o
5、ne hundred, one hundred and one2、序数词序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。first(1st), second(2nd), third(3rd), fourth(4th), fifth(5th), ninth(9th), twenty-first(21st), fortieth(40th), hundredth(100th), one hundred and first(101st).介词介词一般用于名词或代词前，表示该词与句子其它成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分。常见的介词
6、有：after: class, schoolat: home, noonbefore: nine oclockbehind: the treebeside: the doorby: bus, planefor: studentsfrom: Australiain: Class 3, a factory, English, the eveninglike: this / thatnear: the windowof: a map China, a cup tea, a kind on: the floor, duty, foot, Sundayto: a quarter ten, go scho
7、ol, writeunder: the desk / tablewith: play it, be me介词和动词、形容词等常构成固定的搭配。如：look at, listen to, learn from, help with等。.冠词冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。a/an是不定冠词，a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。the是定冠词，在辅音前读/,在元音前读/i/。1、不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。Bill is a computer engineer .指某人或某事，但不具体说明何
8、人或何物。A boy is looking for you.表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。I have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears.用于某些固定的词组中。a few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago2、定冠词的用法特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The book on the desk is mine.指双方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books, Jim? They are on the small table.指上文提过的人或事物。Mary lives on a fa
9、rm. The farm is not big.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon.用在序数词和形容词最高级前。The first month of the year is January.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall, the Womens Hospital用在一些习惯用语中。in the morning, on the left, all the same, at the back of3、不用冠词的情况在专有名词和不可数名词前。China, milk名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my,
10、your, some, any等代词。Come this way, please.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。My father and mother are teacher.在星期、月份、季节、节日前。Today is Fathers Day. It is cold in winter.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。After lunch Mr. Mott came in. 在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前。Can you play basketball?*在某些固定词组中，如：at home, by train, go to school, at breakfast, on time等的名词前不用
11、冠词。.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级，即原形。比较级，表示“较”或“更一些”的意思。最高级，表示“最”的意思。1、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er/或-est/ist/。如：highhigherhighest以字母e结尾的词加-r或-st。如：finefinerfinest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应双写辅音字母，再加-er或-est。如：bigbiggerbiggest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或most。如：interestingmore interestingmost interest
12、ing不规则变化：good/wellbetterbest; bad/badlyworseworst; many/muchmoremost; littlelessleast; farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较。副词比较级的用法与形容词想似。在“比较级+than”的句中，当than前后所使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词代替后面的动词。该动词或助动词可能省略。This cake is nicer than that one. He works much harder than I (do).最
13、高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带of(in)短语来说明比较的范围。副词最高级前可以不加定冠词the。This picture is the most beautiful of the three. Lin Tao jumped (the) farthest in our class. Lucy sings (the) best of all.*在形容词和副词的比较级前，有时可以用much, a little等来修饰。much better, a little taller3、asas; not
14、as/soas表示甲与乙在某一方面程度相同时用“as+形容词或副词原形+as”的句型；表示甲在某一方面不及乙时用“not as/so+形容词或副词原形+as”的句型。Tom runs as fast as Jack. It is not as/so warm today as yesterday. He did not come as/so early as Wang Lin.动词1、动词的种类行为动词：含有实在的意义，表示动作或形态，在剧中能独立作谓语。如：They often come back early.行为动词可分为及物动词（The Transitive Verb,缩写为vt.）和不
15、及物动词（The Intransitive Verb,缩写为vi.）。及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意义才完整。连系动词：本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。如：His father is a teacher. Trees turn green.助动词：本身没有词义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式。如：He doesnt speak English.(否定) Do you have a brother?(疑问)情态动词：本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有
16、人称和数的变化。如：She can speak a little English. We must go now.2、一般现在时一般现在时表示现在的状态，如：He is at work.表示经常的或习惯性的动作，如：I get up at 6:00 every morning.表示主语具备的性格和能力等，如：She likes apples.动词be肯定式否定式I amYou areHe/She/It isWe/You/They areI am notYou are notHe/She/It is notWe/You/They are not疑问式和简略答语Am I?Yes, you are.
17、No, you are not.Are we?Yes, we/you are.No, we/you are not.Are you?Yes, I am.No, I am not.Are you?Yes, we are.No, we are not.Is he/she/it?Yes, he/she/it is.No, he/she/it is not.Are they?Yes, they are.No, they are not. There be结构“There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时”这样一种句型，大致相当于汉语“某地/某时有某物/某人”的说法。句子中的is/are和后面所跟的
18、名词在数方面必须一致。肯定式和否定式：There is a table in your room.There is not (isnt) a dog in the picture.There are some books on the desk.There are not (arent) any trees near the river.疑问式和简略答语：Is there a dog under the tree?Yes, there is. / No, there is not (isnt).Are there any books in your bag?Yes, there are. /
19、No, there are not (arent).Is there any tea in the cup?Yes, there is. / No, there is not (isnt).How many days are there in a week?There are seven.动词do肯定式I work.You work.He/She/It works.We/You/They work.否定式I do not (dont) work.You do not (dont) work.He/She/It does not (doesnt) work.We/You/They do not
20、(dont) work.疑问式和简略答语Do I work?Yes, you do. /No, you do not (dont).Do we work?Yes, we/you do. /No, we/you do not (dont).Do you work?Yes, I do. /No, I do not (dont).Do you work?Yes, we do. /No, we do not (dont).Does he/she/it work?Yes, he/she/it does. /No, he/she/it does not (doesnt).Do they work?Yes,
21、 they do. /No, they do not (dont).当主语是第三人称单数时，动词形式需做以下几种变化：一般动词在词尾加-s，在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音或元音后读/z/。如：helphelps/helps/; makemakes/meiks/; swimswims/swimz/; playplays/pleiz/以字母s，x，ch，sh结尾的动词加-es，读/iz/。如果动词原形词尾已有e，则加-s。以o结尾的动词也加-es，读/z/。如：fixfixes/fksiz/; washwashes以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，读/z/。如：studystudie
22、s3、现在进行时现在进行时表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。如：He is watching TV now.也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。如：We are working on a farm these days.现在进行时是由be(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式构成的。其肯定、否定和疑问式如下：肯定式I am working.You are working.He/She/It is working.We/You/They are working.否定式I am not working.You are not working.He/She/It is no
23、t working.We/You/They are not working.疑问式和简略答语Am I working?Yes, you are.No, you are not.Are we working?Yes, we/you are.No, we/you are not.Are you working?Yes, I am.No, I am not.Are you working?Yes, we are.No, we are not.Is he/she/it working?Yes, he/she/it is.No, he/she/it is not.Are they working?Yes
24、, they are.No, they are not.动词-ing形式的构成：一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如：gogoing以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。如：writewriting以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing。如：getgetting; runrunning4、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, in 2012, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时
25、间状语连用。I got up at 7:00 yesterday.She was at home last night.He always went to work by bus last year.一般过去时的构成：以be为例：肯 定 式否 定 式I wasHe/She/It wasWe/You/They wereI was not (wasnt).He/She/It was not (wasnt)We/You/They were not (werent)疑问式和简略答语Was I?Yes, you were.No, you were not.Were we?Yes, we/you were
26、.No, we/you were not.Were you?Yes, I was.No, I was not.Were you?Yes, we were.No, we were not.Was he/she/it ?Yes, he/she/it was.No, he/she/it was not.Were they?Yes, they were.No, they were not.以work为例：肯 定 式否 定 式I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They worked.I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They did not (didnt) worked.疑问式和
27、简略答语Did I work?Yes, you did.No, you did not.Did we work?Yes, we/you did.No, we/you did not.Did you work?Yes, I did.No, I did not.Did you work?Yes, we did.No, we did not.Did he/she/it work?Yes, he/she/it did.No, he/she/it did not.Did they work?Yes, they did.No, they did not.以there be为例：肯 定 式否 定 式Ther
28、e wasThere wereThere was not (wasnt)There were not (werent)疑问式和简略答语Was there a/any?Yes, there was.No, there was not.Were there any?Yes, there were.No, there were not.规则动词过去式的构成：一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。如：looklooked结尾为e的动词加-d。如：hopehoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stopstopped; planplanned结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，
29、先变y为i，再加-ed。carrycarried 词尾为-ed的读音：一般在浊辅音和元音后面读/d/。如：called。在清辅音后读/t/。如：help。在/t/，/d/音后读/id/。如：wanted; needed。*不规则动词过去式参见教材的不规则动词表。5、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, next week, next year等。如：I will go to my hometown tomorrow. We will come to see you every Sunda
30、y.一般将来时的构成：一般将来时由“助动词will+动词原形”构成。在口语中，will在名词或代词后常简略缩写为ll，will not常缩写为wont。在疑问句中，主语为第一人称（I和we）时，常用助动词shall。人 称肯定式、否定式、疑问式第一人称I/We will go.I/We will not go.Shall I/we go?第二人称You will go.You will not go.you go?第三人称He/She/It/They will go.He/She/It/They will not go.Will he/she/it/they go?*在书面语中，主语为第一人称
31、（I和we）时，常用“助动词shall+动词原形”。如：We shall do it at once.但在口语中，所有人称都可用will。在表示“带意愿色彩的将来”时，常用will。如：I will tell you all about it.在文对方是否愿意，或表示客气的邀请或命令时，常用will。如：Will you go to the zoo with me?在表示建议或征求对方意见时，可用shall。如：Shall we go at ten?用“be going to+动词原形”表示将要发生的事或打算、计划、决定要做的事情。如：What are you going to do next
32、 Sunday? Theyre going to meet outside the school gate.6、过去进行时过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间，除有上下文暗示以外，一般用时间状语来表示。如：He was mending his bike at ten oclock yesterday.过去进行时的构成：过去进行时由was(were)+动词-ing构成。肯定式I/He/She/It was working.We/You/They were working.否定式I/He/She/It was not working.We/You/They w
33、ere not working.疑问式和简略答语Was I working?Yes, you were. /No, you were not.Were you working?Yes, I was. /No, I was not.Was he/she/it working?Yes, he/she/it was. /No, he/she/it was not.Were we/you/they working?Yes, you/we/they were. /No, you/we/they were not.一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去
34、进行时则表示在过去的某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如：Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. (信写完了)Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. (信不一定写完)7、现在完成时现在完成时的构成：现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。肯定式I/You have worked.He/She/It has worked.We/You/They have worked.否定式I/You have not (havent) worked.He/She/It has n
35、ot (hasnt) worked.We/You/They have not (havent) worked.疑问式和简略答语Have I/you worked?Yes, you/I have. No, you/I have not.Has he/she/it worked?Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it has not.Have we/you/they worked?Yes, you/we/they have. No, you/we/they have not.现在完成时的用法：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如：I have al
36、ready posted the photos.(照片已经不在我这里了。)表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。I havent seen her these days. They have lived here since 1995. Ive been at this school for over two years.现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, just, before, yet等状语连用。Have you ever eaten fish
37、and chips? I havent learned the word yet.have/has been和have/has gone的区别：have/has been表示“曾经到过某地”， have/has gone表示“已经去某地了”。如：She has been to Beijing.她到过北京。（她已经不在北京了。）She has gone to Beijing.她到北京去了。（她可能已在去北京的路上或已经到北京了，总之，现在不在这里了。）*非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时。I havent bought anything for two months.现在完成时和一般过去时的
38、区别：现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 1990等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：I have seen the film.(我理解这部电影的内容。)I saw the film last week.(只说明上周看了电影，不涉及现在的情况。)He has lived here since 1990.(他现在还住在这里。)He lived here in 1990.(不涉
39、及现在他是否还在这里。)8、过去将来时过去将来时由“助动词would+动词原形”构成。would常缩写为d，如：Id, youd等；would not常缩写为wouldnt。过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如：I wasnt sure whether he would do it.过去将来时也可以用“was/were going to+动词原形”来表示。如：I didnt know if she was going to come.9、过去完成时过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间
40、或动作之前已发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。如：We had reached the station before ten oclock. By the time we got there, the bus had already gone.10、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能做谓语。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如：t
41、o write a letter, to speak at the meeting等。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。如：They began to work.(宾语) He came to give us a talk yesterday.(状语) She asked me to speak louder.(宾语补足语) Have you got anything to say?(定语) To learn a foreign language is not easy.(主语) 作主语用的动词不定式常常为it替代，动词不定式（
42、或短语）放在后面。如：It is not easy to learn a foreign language.动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成。如：Tell him not to be late.动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when等构成，构成不定式短语。如：I dont know where to go. Nobody told us what to do.不带to的情况：有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to。这种动词有两类。一类是感觉动词，如see, hear, watch, feel, notice等。如：I saw h
43、im come.另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let, have等。如：Let him go.动词help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。11、被动语态主动语态和被动语态：英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Many people speak English.(主动语态) English is spoken by many people.(被动语态)被动语态的构成：被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。以动词ask为例：一般现在
44、时一般过去时肯定式I am askedYou are askedHe/She is askedWe/You/They are askedI was askedYou were askedHe/She was askedWe/You/They were asked否定式I am not askedYou are not askedHe/She is not askedWe/You/They are not askedI was not askedYou were not askedHe/She was not askedWe/You/They were not asked疑问式Am I aske
45、d?Are you asked?Is he/she asked?Are we/you/they asked?Was I asked?Were you asked?Was he/she asked?Were we/you/they asked?含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：The trees may be planted in spring.被动语态的用法：当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者时，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。如：This jacket is made of cotton. English is spoken in Canada.、句子的种类英语的句子按照用途可以分为以下四类：1、陈述句：用来说明事实或说话人的看法。如:I can see a map on the wall. She doesnt like cooking.2、疑问句：用来提出问题。如：Is she a teacher? What does your brother do?3、祈使句：用来表示请求、命令。如：Stand up, pleas