《我国批发企业实现物流合理化的路径探析.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《我国批发企业实现物流合理化的路径探析.doc（9页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 我国批发企业实现物流合理化的路径探析 摘 要 多频次、小批量配送时代的来临为批发企业带来了巨大的成本压力，实现物流合理化成为批发企业面临的难题。建立有效地信息系统、完善仓库管理系统、强化配送管理系统、提高物流从业人员的数质量、构建物流管理指标体系、加大行政支持力度是实现批发企业物流合理化的有效途径。 关键词 批发企业 多频次 小批量配送 物流合理化 批发企业物流是供应链管理的重要环节，是决定批发企业竞争力的关键因素。在大规模生产和大规模流通时代，批发企业承担着商品集散、加工整理、调节供求等多种功能。但是，随着多频次、小批量时代的来临，批发企业物流正面临着严峻的挑战。如何实现物流合理化已经成为
2、困扰批发企业的一个难题。 1 批发企业的物流功能定位 批发企业是指从生产者或其他经营者手中采购商品、再将其提供给商业用户及其他业务用户，供其转卖、加工或使用的经营活动主体。批发企业在流通结构中处于主要位置并发挥着连接生产与消费的桥梁作用。虽然“批发无用论”的论调很高，但是批发企业所拥有的商流和物流优势决定了它仍将在流通渠道中发挥重要作用， 其中，物流功能发挥的好坏将直接影响批发企业的生存和发展。 中国人民大学的喻志军认为，批发企业主要有五个功能，即集散商品、加工整理商品、调节供求、融通资金与承担风险。这些功能基本上反映出了批发功能的本质特征，集散商品与加工整理商品功能可以归属为物流功能，调节供
3、求等可以纳入商流的范畴，但是，批发企业的物流功能不仅仅表现为简单的商品集散与流通加工，它在综合物流及供应链管理上可以发挥更大的作用。本文在参考了大量中外文献的基础上，对批发企业的功能，特别是物流功能进行了重新定位（见附表）。 从附表对批发企业的功能分类可以看出，物流功能已成为批发企业的核心功能。日本著名流通学专家田岛义博指出：“无论在日本还是美国，批发企业诞生的当初，其基本功能就是物流，物流是进行批发和能够进行批发的最大功能。”长期以来，批发企业重商流轻物流的运作模式导致众多批发企业，特别是中小批发企业的生存出现危机。进入多频次、小批量配送时代，物流已不再是商流的从属，从某种角度来说，批发企业
4、已经到了以物流促进商流发展的阶段，这就要求批发企业必须在物流理念上进行更新。 2 多频次、小批量配送系统多对批发企业的负面效应分析 2.1 多频次、小批量配送系统的概念及特点 多频次、小批量配送系统是指为满足消费者的需求，批发企业在零售企业的要求下，利用自身在流通渠道中的位置优势，以信息技术为支撑，在必要的时间、以必要的数量向零售店铺提供必要的商品所形成的高效率配送系统。多频次指的是配送频度，是基于时间的概念；小批量则是指配送物品的数量单位，它反映的是订货单位或交易单位的大小。 多频次、小批量配送系统具有以下主要特点：配送时间间隔短，配送商品批量小。这是多频次小批量配送系统的基本特征：以pos
5、及eos等信息系统为支撑。这是批发企业与零售企业之间构筑多频次小批量配送系统的必要条件：基于多赢的合作理念。这是多频次小批量配送系统真正发挥效益的前提保证，系统具有两面性，一方面可以帮助零售企业实现零库存，扩大经营品种，提高商品鲜度；另一方面，又给系统执行主体批发企业带来较大的物流成本压力，同时对社会环境也带来一定程度的负面影响。 2.2 批发企业开展多频次、小批量配送的必要性 从零售企业的角度而言，构建多频次、小批量配送系统是零售企业满足消费者需求的必然要求。随着消费者个性化、多样化消费意识的增强，零售企业纷纷采取多品种少量化经营策略，以降低商品库存、提高商品库存周转率、保持商品鲜度、适应顾
6、客的消费需求。位于供应链中游的批发企业配合下游的零售企业构筑有效的多频次、小批量配送系统成为实现零售企业战略的重要条件。特别是以连锁便利店为代表的零售业态，要在仅有百平方米的狭小空间内陈列上千种商品，并能及时发现畅销与滞销商品，提高卖场效率，就必须以多频次、小批量配送系统为支撑。 从批发企业的角度而言，构建多频次、小批量配送系统是批发企业强化物流功能、摆脱生存困境的必然选择。随着流通渠道重组和流通信息化的发展，批发企业在流通系统中的功能正在被制造商、零售商和第三方物流服务商所取代。面对生存危机，批发企业只有加快批发功能调整，丰富和完善物流功能，建立多频次小批量配送系统，构筑基于消费者需求的供应
7、链物流网络，加大对零售企业的支持力度，才能获得重生与发展。 批发企业开展物流配送，具有地域、设施设备、专业技术和传统组织网络等方面的优势，可以通过强化集包装、装卸搬运、仓储、流通加工、分拣、配送、信息处理于一体的社会化、专业化配送中心功能，与上下游企业构筑新型的供应链战略联盟，为零售企业的发展提供强有力的物流保障。只有在批发企业支持配合下的零售企业发展壮大了，批发企业的生存基础才能更加牢固。 2.3 多频次、小批量配送给批发企业带来的负面影响 （1）导致批发企业物流成本上升。批发企业基于零售企业增加经营品种、降低库存成本、保持商品鲜度、削减订货成本等要求构建的多频次小批量配送系统正在积极发挥正
8、面效用的同时，也为批发企业带来了巨大的物流成本压力。主要表现在：仓储管理及库存成本增加；配送成本增加；在整体物量不变的情况下，配送次数的增加意味着单位配送车辆实载率的显著下降，单位商品配送成本的显著增加；配送次数的增加又导致配送车辆不足，企业外包物流费用上升；零售企业指定时间交货导致配送车辆待机时间增加，从而影响配送时间效率：信息系统投资大；多频次小批量配送系统是建立在基于pos、eos等信息系统基础之上的，以实现高效、快捷、准确的订发货信息传输。eos成为实施多频次小批量配送的必要条件：包装费用增加；集装化包装在配送中心拆零分拣，再施加不同规格、不同材料的小包装，导致包装材料开发及包装成本上
9、升：人头费增加。分拣、流通加工、配送等作业都需要大量的物流人员作保证，人头费支出在物流成本中的比重越来越大。由此可见，以批发企业为主体的多频次小批量配送系统，在满足零售企业要求和消费者需求的同时也承受着巨大的物流成本压力，因此，构建一条以批发企业为主导的供应链物流体系成为必要。 （2）导致社会环境负担加剧。多频次、小批量配送系统对环境的负面影响主要表现在配送车辆噪音公害对人的精神、情绪、健康的影响；配送车辆废气排放对人的生理、空气、水的影响；配送车辆增多造成的交通堵塞、交通事故增加以及对人的伤害等等。物流活动的本质就是以尽可能小的物流成本达成尽可能好的物流服务，同时减少外部不经济的发生。所以，
10、如何减少多频次、小批量配送系统对环境的不良影响成为企业不容回避的课题。 3 批发企业实现物流合理化途径 3.1 建立有效的信息处理系统 信息化建设是批发企业适应现代生产与销售，为零售企业提供高效物流配送服务的基础，是批发企业向生产领域提供销售信息反馈的最佳途径。eos（电子订货系统）的应用是批发企业实现物流合理化的必要条件。目前，我国批发企业应用eos的比重较低。eos不仅用于订发货信息的处理，而且可以与仓库管理系统连动，提高库内作业水平。 3.2 完善仓库管理系统 完善仓库管理系统应从仓库内设计、仓库内作业程序、出入库作业、商品保管指示系统、流动货架管理系统、库存管理与控制系统等方面入手，实
11、现单位商品库存成本最低。 3.3 强化配送管理系统 强化配送管理系统最有效的手段是实施共同配送。批发企业除了需要与供应链内的上下游企业加强战略合作关系之外，为减轻物流成本及对环境的负面影响，批发企业与零售企业还应本着“销售是竞争对手，物流是合作朋友”的原则与同业种加强协作，开展共同物流、共同配送，发挥规模效益，共同提高物流效率，降低物流成本。以商业企业为主导的共同配送模式分为以批发业为主导的横向共同配送和以零售业为主导的横向共同配送。批发业为主导的横向共同配送就是使批发商向综合型批发企业转型，通过商品进货的统一化、广泛化和多样化以及商品配送的共同化、规模化和效率化，顺应零售连锁商业的需要，同时
12、集中商品信息，对零售及生产企业予以指导，逐步确立在供应链中的主导地位。零售业主导的横向共同配送可以由大型零售企业建立配送中心，由批发商将商品送到配送中心进行统一储存、统一加工、统一配送，在配送能力有余的情况下，还可以为其它零售企业提供服务。中小型零售企业可以联合起来共建配送中心，再由批发企业实施配送运作。 3.4 提高物流从业人员的数质量 我国批发企业从事物流的人员无论在数量上还是质量上都有很大的缺陷，他们几乎都没有经过物流的专门培训，高级物流管理人员更是缺乏。虽然我国物流教育培训近几年发展很快，但是，大部分工作岗位集中在物流企业和储运企业，批发企业物流岗位成为一片贫瘠之地，因此，加大物流从业
13、人员岗位分流，加强对批发企业物流管理和实际操作人员的物流教育培训成为当务之急。 3.5 构建物流管理指标体系 要想实现物流管理的合理化，必须建立一套能够衡量物流绩效的物流管理指标体系。现阶段，我国的很多批发企业尚未建立起一个基础的物流数据库，对物流运作的好坏只是凭感觉、凭经验，缺乏科学的绩效考核标准。另外，有条件的企业可以尝试应用作业成本分析法来进行物流成本管理，改善物流作业水平。 3.6 加大行政支持力度 批发企业物流是构成我国经济物流系统不可缺少的一部分，它的合理化实现程度会直接影响到整个供应链物流的优化，进而影响到整个国民经济流通系统的合理化，所以，它的重要性不言而喻。解决资金缺乏、人才
14、不足等问题，仅仅靠批发企业自身的努力是不够的，政府应该加大对中小批发企业的融资力度，引导批发企业物流向规范化、标准化、共同化方向发展，同时加强物流指导，提高物流从业人员的素质。 4 结语 批发企业一头连着生产，一头连着消费，承担着商品价值实现和转化的重要职能，所以，批发企业物流在供应链管理中具有战略地位。但是，由于新型流通形式的发展，制造企业、零售企业以及第三方物流企业在流通渠道中对批发功能的掠夺，导致批发企业面临严峻的生存危机。在多频次、小批量配送时代，批发企业只有利用自身的渠道优势和长期积累的物流运作经验，强化综合物流及供应链管理功能，努力实现物流合理化，才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地
15、。 参考文献 1 中小企业诊断协会.多频次小批量配送.东京：同友馆，1992 2 王之泰.现代物流管理.北京：中国工人出版社，2001 3 王健.现代物流网络系统的构建.北京：科学出版社，2005 organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(sev
16、en) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (t
17、otal) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the C
18、ommunist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. C
19、onscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party comm
20、ittee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing
21、Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central
22、 Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres
23、 and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening
24、village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres
25、election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and stead
26、ily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cad
27、res testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementatio
28、n of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group constr
29、uction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issue
30、s, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural g
31、rassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX awa
32、rd in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX
33、 editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step b
34、y step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent in
35、formation database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission manag
36、ement(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in th
37、e group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results.
38、 Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League
39、propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee,
40、 the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, s
41、eeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the
42、 youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further
43、strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and imp
44、lement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important
45、 part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-de
46、pth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and devel
47、oping relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way t
48、o grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementat
49、ion of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, activel