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1、Medical Terminology（3） The Respiratory System 呼吸系统 刘帅 研究生英语教研室（综合楼110）,Introduction of the Respiratory system,The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism. Because these gases must be c
2、arried to and from the cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.,The Lung:,Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs, two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity. A double membra
3、ne, the pleura(胸膜), covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura(胸膜壁层); the inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs is the visceral pleura(胸膜脏层). The very thin, fluid-filled space between t
4、he two layers of the pleura is the pleural space(胸膜腔).,Upper Respiratory Passageway：,Air enters through the nose, where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened as it passes over the hair- covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. Cilia(纤毛), microscopic hair-like projections from the cells that lin
5、e the nose, sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination. Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat is called sputum(痰).,Inhaled air passes into the throat, or pharynx(咽), where it mixes with air that enters through the mouth and a
6、lso with food destined for the digestive tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions: (1) an upper portion, the nasopharynx(鼻咽), behind the nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the oropharynx(口咽), behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the laryngeal pharynx(喉咽), behind the larynx. The palatin
7、e tonsils(腭 扁桃体) are on either side of the soft palate(软腭) in the oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids(咽扁桃体 ), are in the nasopharynx.,Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs,The pharynx conducts air into the trachea, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage(软骨) to prevent its c
8、ollapse. Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by swallowing or by expectoration(咳痰). The larynx is shaped by nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adams apple.” The opening b
9、etween the vocal cords is the glottis(声门). The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the epiglottis(会厌). When one swallows, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.,At its lower end, the trachea divides in
10、to a right and a left main stem bronchus(支气管干) that enter the lungs. The right bronchus is shorter and wider; it divides into three secondary bronchi that enter the three lobes(肺叶) of the right lung. The left bronchus divides into two branches that supply the two lobes of the left lung. The smallest
11、 of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles( 细支气管), carry air into the microscopic air sacs, the aveoli(肺泡), whrough which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.,The Process of Breathing:,Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called ventilation.
12、This consists of a steady cycle of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the phrenic nerve(膈神经) stimulates the diaphragm(隔膜) to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.,I Suffix for Respiration,Exercise 1:,Use the suf
13、fix -pnea to build a word with each of the following meanings: 1. painful or difficult breathing dyspnea 2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing 3. lack of (a-) of breathing 4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathing,Dyspnea(呼吸困难) Eupnea(平静呼吸) Apnea(呼吸暂停) Tachypnea(呼吸急促),II Roots for the Respiration Passageways,II
14、Roots for the Respiration Passageways,Exercise 2 :,Write a word for each of the following definitions: 1. near the nose paranasal 2. inflammation of the pharynx 3. pertaining to the larynx 4. endoscopic examination of a bronchus 5. inflammation of the bronchioles 6. narrowing(-stenosis) of a bronchu
15、s 7. plastic repair of the larynx 8. surgical incision of the trachea,Paranasal (鼻侧的) pharyngitis(咽炎) laryngeal bronchoscopy (支气管镜检) bronchiolitis(毛细支气管炎) bronchostenosis (支气管狭窄) laryngoplasty(喉成形术) tracheotomy (气管切开术),Define the following words (note the adjectival endings): 9. intranasal within th
16、e nose 10. bronchiolar 11. bronchiectasis 12. peribronchial 13. endotracheal 14. nasopharyngeal,9. within the nose 10.pertaining to a bronchiole 11. dilatation of the bronchi 12. around the bronchi 13. within the trachea 14. pertaining to the nose and pharynx,III Roots for the Lungs and Breathing,II
17、I Roots for the Lungs and Breathing,Exercise 3：,Write a word for each of the following definitions: 1. between (inter) the pleura 2. below the diaphragm 3. surgical incision of the phrenic nerve 4. any disease of the lungs (pneumon/o) 5. record of breathing volumes _ 6. surgical puncture(-centesis)
18、of the pleural space,Interpleural subphrenic(膈下的) phrenicotomy(膈神经切断术) pneumonopathy(肺脏疾病) spirogram (肺量图，呼吸描记图) pleurocentesis (胸腔穿刺术),Define the following words: 1. pneumonitis 2. pleuropulmonary 3. pneumoplasty 4. pleuralgia 5. pulmonology 6. pneumatic,1. inflammation of the lungs 2. pertaining to the pleura and lungs 胸膜肺的 3. plastic repair of the lungs 4. pain in the pleura 5. study of the lungs 肺病学 6. Pertaining to air or gas 空气的/呼吸的,Thank you !,