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1、数据采集外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS J. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237. 英文原文 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon.
2、 In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple
3、 recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology ha
4、s made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, and a pencil.Todays university students are l
5、ikely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, th
6、e data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.
7、Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the wr
8、iter, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of th
9、e strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of data because the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate
10、 without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very go
11、od role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and
12、operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited
13、in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the P
14、C. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed. Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, pa
15、rtly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you cant detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment wi
16、thin the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal
17、 monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card,
18、 the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple sign
19、al inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recorders have the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the users definition, and
20、the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.T
21、hermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data ele
22、ctronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to
23、 configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per seco
24、nd is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generally fewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average readi
25、ng is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal tes
26、t equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control mo
27、del, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measure
28、ment capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include: product features Hot die cutting of electronic products Test of the environmen
29、tEnvironmental monitoring Composition characteristics Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more ea
30、sily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To t
31、est this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consi
32、sting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the
33、equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The re
34、quirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Abi
35、lity to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the monitoring standards for equipment projects, public standards, special standards, equipment monitoring standards, equipment condition monitoring standards, equipment project status monitoring standards and equipm
36、ent project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition
37、specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The sy
38、stems requirement is to record measurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our ge
39、neric DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a larg
40、e number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文译文数据采集系统Txomin Nieva数据采集系统, 正如名
41、字所暗示的, 是一种用来采集信息成文件 或分析一些现象的产品或过程。在最简单的形式中, 技术人员将烤箱 的温度记录在一张纸上就是数据采集。随着技术的发展, 通过电子设 备,这个过程已经得到简化和变得比较精确、多用途和可靠。设备从 简单的存储器发展到复杂的电脑系统。 数据采集产品像聚焦点一样为系统服务,和一系列产品一起,诸如传感器显示温度、水流、程度或 者过程。数据采集技术在过去 30到 40年以来已经取得了很大的飞跃。 举 例来说 , 在 40 年以前 , 在一个著名的学院实验室中 , 为追踪用青铜做的坩埚中的温度上升情况的装置是由热电偶、继电器、查询台、一捆纸和一支铅笔。今天的大学学生很可能
42、在 PC 机上自动处理和分析数据,有很多 种可供你选择的方法去采集数据。至于选择哪一种方法取决于多种因素,包括任务的复杂度、你所需要的速度和精度、你想要的证据资料等等。 无论是简单的还是复杂的, 数据采集系统都能够运行并发挥它 的作用。用铅笔和纸的旧方式对于一些情形仍然是可行的,而且它便宜、 易获得、快速和容易开始。而你所需要的就是捕捉到多路数字信息 (DMM ),然后开始用手记录数据。不幸的是这种方法容易发生错误、 采集数据变慢和需要太多的人工分析。此外, 它只能单通道采集数据; 但是当你使用多通道 DMM 时, 系统将很快变得非常庞大和笨拙。精度取决于誊写器的水平, 并且你可能需要自己动手
43、依比例输入。举例来说 , 如果 DMM 没有配备处理温度的传感器 , 旧需要动手找比例。考虑到这些限制,只有当你需要实行一个快速实验时,它才是一个可接受的方法。现代多种版本的长条图表记录仪允许你从多个输入取得数据。 他 们提供数据的长备纸记录 , 因为数据是图解的格式 , 他们易于现场采集数据。 一旦建立了长条图表记录仪, 在没有操作员或计算机的情况下, 大多数记录仪具有足够的内部智能运行。 缺点是缺乏灵活性和相对的精度低, 时常限制在百分点。 你能很清楚地感觉到与笔只有小的改变。在多通道内较长时间的监控,记录仪能发挥很好的作用,除此之外,它们的价值得到限制。举例来说,他们不能够与另外的装置轮
44、流作用。 其他的顾虑就是笔和纸的维护 , 纸的供给和数据的存储 , 最重要的是纸的滥用和浪费。然而,记录仪相当容易建立和操作,为数据 快速而简单的分析提供永久的记录。一些 benchtop DMMs 提供可选择的扫描能力。仪器的背面有一 个槽孔接收一张在较多输入时能多重发讯的扫描仪卡片, 通常是 8到10通道的mux 。 固有的在仪器的前面嵌板中的受到限制。 它的柔韧性也受到限制,因为它不能超过可用通道数。外部的 PC 机通常处理数据采集和分析。PC机插件卡片是单板测量系统,它利用 ISA 或 PCI 总线在 PC 机内扩大插槽。它们时常具有高达每秒 1000的阅读速率。8到 16通道 是普遍
45、的,采集的数据直接存储在电脑里,然后进行分析。因为卡片 本质上是计算机的一部分, 建立测试是容易的。 PC 机卡也相对的便宜, 一部分地, 因为他们以来主机 PC 去提供能源、机械附件和使用界面。 数据采集的选择在缺点上, PC 机插件卡片时常只有 12字的容量 , 因此你不能察 觉输入信号的小变化。此外,PC 机内的电子环境经常很容易发出噪声、 产生高速率的时钟和总线噪声,电子接触面限制 PC 机插件卡片的精度。这些插件卡片也测量一定范围的电压。为了测量其他输入信号, 如电压、温度和阻力,你也许需要一些外部信号监测的器件。其它关心包括复杂的校正和全部的系统成本 , 尤其如果你需要购买额外信号
46、监测器件或用 PC 机适应插件卡片。把这些考虑进去,如果你的需要在卡片的能力和限制范围内变动, PC 机插件卡片给数据采集提供吸引人的方法。数据电子自动记录仪是典型的单机仪器,一旦配备它们 , 就能测 量、记录和显示数据而不需要操作员或计算机参与。它们能够处理多 信号输入,有时可达 120通道。精度可与无与伦比的台式 DMMs 匹 敌, 由于它在 22字、 0.004个百分率的精度范围内运转。一些数据 电子自动记录仪有能力按比例测量 , 检查结果不受使用者定义的限制, 而且输出为控制作信号。使用数据电子自动记录仪的一个好处就是他们的内部监测信号。 大部分能够直接地测量若干不同的输入信号, 而不
47、需要额外的信号监测器件。一个通道能够监测热电偶、温阻器(RTD )和电压。热电偶为准确的温度测量提供具有参考价值的补偿, 是很典型的 配备了多路插件卡片。 内设智能数据电子自动记录仪帮助你设定测量周期和具体指定每个通道的参数。 一旦你全部设定好, 数据电子自动记录仪就如同无与伦比的装置运行。它们存储的数据分布在内存中, 能够容纳 500000或更多的阅读量。与 PC 机连接容易将数据传送到电脑进行进一步的分析。大多数数据电子自动记录仪可设计为柔性和简单的组态和操作 , 而且经由电池包裹或其它方法,多数提供远程位置的操作选项。靠 A/ D 转换技术 , 一定的数据电子自动记录仪阅读的速率比较低,
48、 尤其是跟 PC 机 插件卡片比较。然而,每秒 250的阅读速率比较少见。要牢记正在测 量的许多现象本质上是物理的,如温度、压力和流量,而且一般有较少的变动。此外,因为数据电子自动记录仪的监测精度 , 多量且平均阅读没有必要,就像它们经常在 PC 记插件卡片一样。前端数据采集经常做成模块而且是典型地与 PC 机或控制器连 接。他们被用于自动化的测试中,为其它测试装备采集数据、控制和 循环检测信号。 发送信号测试装备的零配件。 前端运转的效率是非常高的, 能与速度和精度与最好的单机仪器匹敌。前端数据采集在很多模型里都能运行,包括 VXI 版本, 如 Agilent E1419A 多功能测量和 V
49、XI 控制模型,还有专有的卡片升降室。虽然前端器成本已经降低, 但是这些系统可能会非常贵, 除非你需要提供高的运转 , 而查找它们的价格是禁止的。另一方面 , 它们的确能够提供相当多的可挠性和测 量能力。好的、成本低的数据电子自动记录仪有合适的通道数(20-60通 道) 和扫描速率相对低但对于多数工程师的普遍应用已足够。 一些关 键的应用包括 : 产品特征 电子产品的热靠模切削 环境的测试环境的监测 组成物特征 电池测试建筑物和计算机容量监测一个新系统的设计通用系统的概念模型可以应用于特定系统的分析阶段，以便更好地理解问题并根据特定系统的具体要求更容易地指定最佳解决方案。通用系统的概念模型也可以用作设计特定系统的起点。因此，使用通用系统的概念模型将节省时间并降低特定系统开发的成本。为了验证这个假设，我们基于我们的通用DAS概念模型开发了铁路设备的DAS。在本节中，我们总结了本DAS发展的主要结果和结论。我们分析了设备模型包。这个分析的结果是一个由三层设备模型组成的系统的部分概念模型。我