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1、1,Chapter 3Nonverbal Communication,1.Nonverbal Communication 2.Kinesics 3.Space and Distance,2,1.Nonverbal Communication,1.1Definitions 1.2Importance 1.3Functions,3,1.1 Definitions,Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verb
2、al behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.,4,Definitions (contd),Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voice, in other words, everything except the actual words.,5,1.2 Importance,Reasons
3、: Accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations. Spontaneously reflects the speakers subconsciousness. Always present,6,Level of Meaning,Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors 7% through words, 38% through voice
4、, and 55% through looks and behaviors,7,1.3 Functions,Accenting - punctuate Complementing - support Contradicting opposite to Regulating - control Repeating send the same meaning Substituting - replace,8,2.Kinesics,Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body,
5、or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. Kinesics is “body language” .,9,Kinesics (contd),2.1Facial Expressions 2.2Gestures 2.3Postures 2.4Eye Contact,10,2.1 Facial Expressions,Westerners and the Chinese share: Is it me? Keep quiet please. Lost i
6、n thought. Is it true?,11,Facial Expressions (contd),Examples of feelings that can be expressed are: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, sadness, concentration, confusion, desire, excitement, frustration, glare, and snarl.,12,Facial Expressions (contd),Regardless of culture, these e
7、xpressions are the same: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness.,13,2.2 Gestures,The “OK” sign The thumb up and thumb down sign The “V” sign Other signs,14,The “OK” Sign,America: agree or everything is ok Latin America: offensive, similar to showing your middle finger Franc
8、e: youre worthless Turkey: one is homosexual Australia: zero,15,The Thumb Up Sign,Most American and European countries - great, approve Australia and Nigeria - up yours Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive,16,The Thumb Down Sign,Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. Sth or someon
9、e has failed. Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.,17,The “V” sign,Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours),18,Others The Stop Sign,Raise the hand up with the palm facing to
10、wards the opposite person. The hand is tilted forward. Fingers pushing down: sit down or settle. Singapore or Malaysia: to hail someones attention or asking for permission to speak.,19,Others The Dog Call Sign,Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you. Acceptable in the UK and US, but ru
11、de in many Asian countries * Philippines: used only for dogs * Singapore: death,20,2.3 Postures,With two arms up in the air: arrogance Standing firmly face-to-face: start to fight Hands on the waist - direct intrusion into others affairs Shrugging shoulders - indifferent, powerless, having no secret
12、 to conceal,21,Postures (contd),Follow ones natural habits so often go unnoticed (subconscious in nature) May damage your image if you neglect your postures,22,2.4 Eye Contact,Direct eye contact Chinese: avoid North Americans: appreciate The British: avoid,23,Eye Contact (contd),Looking at the perso
13、n Looking sideways,24,Eye Contact (contd),Duration of eye contact (in US): 2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds Shorter: shy, uninterested, absent-minded Longer: with unusually high interest,25,3.Space and Distance,3.1Proxemics 3.2Attitudes Toward Crowding,26,3.1 Proxemics,Definition: the study of peoples
14、perception and use of space. Four categories: intimate, personal, social, and public distance.,27,Categories of Distance,Intimate Distance (0-45cm) - for the closest relation, e.g. a couple Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives,28,Categories of Distance (
15、contd),Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings Public Distance (beyond 3m) - speaking in public,29,Personal Territory,Private space and personal space Refers to the space people have for their own activities,30,Proxemics,The use of space is directly link
16、ed to the value system of culture. Personal territory can be large or small, depending on place, sex, age, and character. Hold your ground and not back away.,31,3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding,Attitude toward crowding Chinese: high tolerance Americans: low tolerance Way of queuing Chinese: stand close
17、ly to the front value togetherness Americans: keep a distance from the front value apartness,32,Summary,Nonverbal Communication - definition, functions Kinesics - definition, facial expression, gesture, posture Space and Distance - categories of distance, attitudes toward crowding, way of queuing,33
18、,Case Study,Discuss in group: The reasons why Peter was angry and refused to take Chens apology. The reasons why Chen smiled when he was making an apology.,34,HW2,Page 66: Do you agree to the view that nonverbal communication is more important than verbal communication in intercultural communication
19、? Why? Date for submission:,35,Features of Kinesics,Five types of movements Emblems Illustrators Affect Display Regulator adaptor,36,Emblems,Emblems are nonlinguistic substitutes for specific words or phrases in a language. Change over time and differ culture to culture,37,Illustrators,Illustrators
20、are nonlinguistic behaviors that accompany and literally illustrate a linguistic message. Less subject to change,38,Affect Display,Affect displays are movements of the facial area that convey emotional meaning. (e.g. facial expressions) Under less conscious control,39,Regulators,Regulators are nonli
21、nguistic behaviors that monitor, maintain, or control the behaviors of another individual. (eye contact) To inform another person what the others expect or want him to do.,40,Adaptors,Adaptors are nonlinguistic behaviors that serve some kind of personal need. Adaptors are personal body movements that occur as a reaction to an individuals physical or psychological state.,