《ChaptersixInternationalcargotransport6.1.ModesofTransport....doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ChaptersixInternationalcargotransport6.1.ModesofTransport....doc（9页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、本文档由无尘大哥上传至豆丁网Chapter six: International cargo transport 6.1. Modes of Transport 6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport 6. 3. Major Transport Documents 6.4. Clause of Shipment v What are the major types of transportation? v Can you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of tr
2、ansportation you have mentioned?v What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation? OverviewThe concept of delivery The seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manner to the buyer. In international trade, the delivery also means to trans
3、port the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. The former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms, while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods, which is applied in the sales under F terms and D terms.6.1. Modes of Transpor
4、t (International Cargo Transportation) (1) Features of ocean transport(2) Operational modes of ocean transport(3) Freight RatesFeatures of Ocean Transport J Advantages: The easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water. Large capacity. The unit distribution cost reduced. Good adaptab
5、ility to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. L Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport. Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.1) Liner Transport（班轮运输）2) Charter Transport 租船运输 （Tramp Shipping)不定期船运输 The practice of paying money to a ship
6、ping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.Charter Transport Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. S
7、hippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost of transport. Ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight. Liner FreightBasic freight rates1）Weight重量法: for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be c
8、alculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).2) Measurement体积法: for items marked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3) Ad Val.从价法: for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or val
9、ue of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price.4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（选择法）5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法）6）Open Rate 议定法Surcharges bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加费 ) devaluation surcharge
10、/currency adjustment factor (C.A.F.货币 贬值附加费) transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费) How to calculate liner freight Select relevant freight list/freight tariff Determine the freight basis and
11、class of the goods Find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination Find the types of receivable surcharges Add surcharges to basic rate to get actual freight freight = actual freight x freight tonCharter freightOperational Procedure
12、of Ocean Transport for ExportWorld-famous Shipping Companies v 澳大利亚国家航运公司 澳国航运 ANL v 美国总统轮船（中国）有限公司 美国总统 APLv 波罗的海航运公司 波罗的海 BOLv 中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司 中远集运 COSCONv 长荣香港有限公司上海办事处 香港长荣 EMC v 香港航运有限公司 香港海运 HKMSH v 现代商船株式会社上海代表处 现代商船 HMMv 川崎汽船（中国）有限公司 川崎汽船 KLINE v 上海天海货运有限公司 天海货运 TMSC v 东航船务有限公司 东航船务 TOHOv 日本邮船
13、有限公司 日本邮船NYKv 东方海外货柜航运有限公司 东方海外OOCLv 上海国际轮渡有限公司 国际轮渡SFCOv 中海发展股份有限公司 中海发展CSDv 中外运（集团）总公司 中外运SINOTRANS2. Air TransportTypes of Air Transport ServicesFour categories: Scheduled airlines 班机运输 Chartered carriers 包机运输 Consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托运 Air express service / desk to desk
14、 service 航空速递(1) Scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods.(2) Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying ca
15、rgoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3) Consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. A consolidated shipment made up by seve
16、ral shipments can be dispatched to one common destination. Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline. (4) Air express service : the express service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between c
17、onsignors, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documentsAirline Ratesv Air freight is normally collected according to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for large volume cargo. The rates are normally quoted per kilogram. The air freight excludes o
18、ther charges such as customs fees and storage fees.v In order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freight rates are designed. For instance, General Cargo Rates are the basic rates. Specific Commodity Rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff o
19、f the carrier. If no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes, Classification Rates apply.Airline Ratesv M/W (subject to the higher rate)v Four types of airline rates: - General Cargo Rate (G.C.R.)一般货物运价 - Specific Cargo Rate (S.C.R.)特种货物运价 - Class
20、 Rate (C.R.)等级运价 - Unitized Consignments Rate (U.C.R)v Characteristics of airline rates: - one-way freight from one airport to another - delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded - publicized in local currency - measurement unit is kilo or pound - fluctuate in line with market c
21、onditionsThe division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freightSome Airlines in the World Rail Transportv International Railway Through Transport - under one rail consignment note - shipper or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countries Siberia Transcontinent
22、al Railway Eurasia Transcontinental Railway Railway transport to Hong Kong and Macaov Domestic Rail Transport Road Transport ContainerizationContainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the most modern form of
23、physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on.Features of containerization:J Advantages v Increase the efficiency of handlingv Improve the transportation qualityv Save operating costsv Simplify del
24、ivery formalitiesv Promote multi-modal transportationContainers and Container TransportThe majority of containers are built to the ISO specification. The 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20). The container capacity is measured in TEUs (Twenty-feet Equivalence
25、Units). Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used. Three major types of containers: 8 X 8 X 40 (IA); 8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA); 8 X 8 X 20 (IC)Container Transport Containerization offers: a door to door service under FCL/FCL（整装整拆）, door to container freight station (CFS
26、) service under FCL/LCL（整装拼拆） CFS to CFS service under LCL/LCL（拼装拼拆） CFS to door service under LCL/FCL （拼装整拆） Container Freight v Based on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandisev Inland transportation cost is includedv Based on the type of commodityv For LCL, each commodity is
27、charged separately for the freight International Multi-modal Transportv At least two modes of transportv One contract, one transport document, one operator, one freight ratev Use of containers J Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of documentation6.2.
28、General Considerations on Cargo Transport(1） Reliability(2）Speed and Frequency(3）Cost6.3 Major Transport Documentsv Bill of ladingv Consignment note (for Rail and Road)v Air waybillv Combined transport documents (CTD)Bill of Lading (B/L)1. Definition and FunctionA bill of lading is a shipping docume
29、nt that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(货物收据) 2) a document of title(物权凭证) 3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier (运输契约的证明) Bill of lading (B/L) A bill of lading (B/L) is used for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. It must be produced at the
30、port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.As a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over to another authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea.Although negotiable bills of lading
31、 are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. You have to be sure that a negotiable B/L is accepted in your country. Otherwise, a non-negotiable B/L is issued.The B/L is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the e
32、xport agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. If the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shipping line, the bill of lading, is deemed as clean. The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.v
33、See sample B/L2. Types of B/LAs per whether the goods are shipped on board:v Shipped (on board) B/L已装船提单v Received for shipment B/L备运提单As per whether the B/L is clean or not:v Clean B/Lv Unclean/Foul B/LUnclean B/L can not used for negotiation. As per the modes of transportv Direct B/L直达提单v Transshi
34、pment B/L转船提单v Through B/L联运提单v Liner B/L班轮提单v Container B/Lv Combined B/LAs per the content of the B/Lv Long form B/L全式提单v Short form B/L简式提单As per the effect of B/Lv Original B/L)正本提单v Copy B/L副本提单 As per the issuing date of B/Lv On deck B/L甲板提单 When cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for deliv
35、ery, an On Deck B/L is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. v Stale B/L过期提单 Bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination v Ante-dated B/L倒签提单 When the actual shipment date is la
36、ter than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. v Advanced B/L预借提单 When the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready fo
37、r shipment. The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C. Anti-dated B/L &Advanced B/L 倒签提单和预借提单被认为是典型的海运欺诈行为。不论出于什么原因，承运人通过倒签和预借提单，总是向收货人或提单持有人传达了一个关于装船时间的虚假情况。如果是应托运人的要求所为，那么从买卖关系上说，承运人则是帮助卖方掩盖了未能按时交运的违约事实。倒签和预借提单的主要原因是卖方不能按照买卖合同的约
38、定时间交运货物，有时也因为承运人船期延误。分析:倒签提单是一种违法行为，一旦被识破，产生的后果是严重的。但是在国际贸易中，倒签提单的情况相当普遍。尤其是当延期时间不多的情况下，还是有许多出口商会铤而走险。当倒签的日子较长的情况出现，就容易引起买方怀疑，最终可以通过查阅船长的航行日志或者班轮时刻表等途径加以识破。Case Study (2) 我国A公司与某国B公司于2004年10月20日签订购买52500吨化肥的 CFR合同。A公司开出信用证规定，装船期限为2005年1月1日至1月10 日，由于B公司租来运货的“顺风号”轮在开往某外国港口途中遇到飓风，结 果装运2005年1月20日才完成。承运人
39、在取得B公司出具的保函的情况下 签发了与信用证条款致的提单。“顺风号”轮于1月21日驶离装运港。A公 司为这批货物投保了水渍险。2005年1月30日“顺风号”轮途经巴拿马运河 时起火，造成部分化肥烧毁。船长在命令救火过程中又造成部分化肥湿 毁。由于船在装货港口的延迟，使该船到达目的地时正遇上了化肥价格下 跌A公司在出售余下的化肥时价格不得不大幅度下降，给A公司造成很大 损失。请根据上述事例，回答以下问题：问题:(1)途中烧毁的化肥损失属什么损失，应由谁承担?为什么?(2)途中湿毁的化肥损失属什么损失，应由谁承担?为什么?(3)A公司可否向承运人追偿由于化肥价格下跌造成的损失?为什么?回答: (
40、1)属单独海损，应由保险公司承担损失。途中烧毁的化肥属于单独海损，依CFR术语，风险由A公司即买方承担；而A公司购买了水渍险，赔偿范围包含单独海损，因此由保险公司承担。 (2)属共同海损，应由A公司与船公司分别承担。因船舶和货物遭到了共同危险，船长为了共同安全，有意又合理地造成了化肥的湿毁。 (3)可以。因为承运人迟延装船，又倒签提单，须对迟延交付负责。Consignment Note (for rail and road)Air Waybillv Receipt of goodsv Contract of carriagev Certificate of insurancev Customs
41、 declarationv Instruction sheet to the carrierv Bill for the freightPartial Shipment & Transshipmentv Shipment during Oct. / Nov. /Dec. 2007, with partial shipments and transshipment allowed.v Shipment during Jan. /Feb. 2007 in two equal monthly lots (in two equal monthly shipments) ,with transshipm
42、ent allowedCase StudyRelevant Link to UCP600第三十一条 部分支款或部分发运a. 允许部分支款或部分发运。b. 表明使用同一运输工具并经由同次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上表明的发运日期不同或装货港、接管地或发运地点不同。如果交单由数套运输单据构成，其中最晚的一个发运日将被视为发运日。 含有一套或数套运输单据的交单，如果表明在同一种运输方式下经由数件运输工具运输，即使运输工具在同一天出发运往同一目的地，仍将被视为部分发运。c. 含有一份以上快递收据，邮政收据或投邮证明的交单，如果单据看似由同一快递或邮政机构在同一地点和日期加盖印戳或签字并且表明同一目的地，将不视为部分发运。Considerations for deciding the time of shipment The supply of the goods Transportation The market conditions of the goods The conditions of the goods