1、译文标题起重机的发展与介绍原文标题Crane development and Introduction作 者Elkeson译 名埃尔克森国 籍美国原文出处译文：发展随着现代科学技术的迅速发展，工业生产规模的扩大和自动化程度的提高，起重机在现代化生产过程中应用越来越广，作用愈来愈大，对起重机的要求也越来越高。尤其是计算机技术的广泛应用，许多跨学科的先进设计方法出现，这些都促使起重机的技术进入崭新的发展阶段。起重机发展趋势,轻型化和多样化。有相当批量的起重机是在通用的场合使用，工作并不很繁重。这类起重机批量大、用途广，考虑综合效益，要求起重机尽量降低外形高度，简化结构，减小自重和轮压，也可使整个建
2、筑物高度下降，建筑结构轻型化，降低造价。因此电动葫芦桥式起重机和梁式起重机会有更快的发展，并将大部分取代中小吨位的一般用途桥式起重机。德国德马格公司经过几十年的开发和创新，已形成了一个轻型组合式的标准起重机系列。起重量为1-63吨，工作级别为A1-A7，整个系列由工字形和箱型单梁、悬挂箱形单梁、角形小车箱形单梁和箱形双梁等多个品种组成。主梁与端梁相接以及起重小车的布置有多种型式，可适合不同建筑物及不同起吊高度的要求。根据用户需要每种规格起重机都有三种单速及三种双速供任意选择，还可以选用变频调速。操纵方式有地面手电门自行移动、手电门随小车移动、手电门固定、无线遥控、司机室固定、司机室随小车移动、
3、司机室自行移动等七种选择。大车及小车的供电有电缆小车导电、DVS系统两种方式。如此多的选择项，通过不同的组合，可搭配成百上千种起重机，充分满足用户不同的需求。这种起重机的另一最大优点是轻型化，自重轻、轮压轻、外形尺寸高度小，可大大降低厂房建筑物的建造成本，同时也可减小起重机的运行功率和运行成本。与通用产品相比较，起重量为10t，跨度22.5m，通用双梁桥式起重机自重是24t，起重机轨面以上高度1876mm，起重机宽度5980mm； 德马格起重机的自重只有8.7t，重量轻了176%，起重机轨面以上高度为920mm，降低了104%，起重机宽度为2980mm，外形尺寸减少了100%。 自动化和智能化
4、起重机的更新和发展，在很大程度上取决于电气传动与控制的改进,实现起重机的自动化和智能化。大型高效起重机的新一代电气控制装置已发展为全电子数字化控制系统。主要由全数字化控制驱动装置、可编程序控制器、故障诊断及数据管理系统、数字化操纵给定检测等设备组成。变压变频调速、射频数据通讯、故障自诊监控、吊具防摇的模糊控制、激光查找起吊物重心、近场感应防碰撞技术、现场总线、载波通讯及控制、无接触供电及三维条形码技术等将广泛得到应用。使起重机具有更高的柔性，以适合多批次少批量的柔性生产模式，提高单机综合自动化水平。重点开发以微处理机为核心的高性能电气传动装置，使起重机具有优良的调速和静动特性，可进行操作的自
5、动控制、自动显示与记录，起重机运行的自动保护与自动检测，特殊场合的远距离遥控等，以适应自动化生产的需要。介绍在修桥筑路等建设中，常常有大量的物料、零部件、成品需要运输，大量的物料搬运在建筑工地、采石厂、铁路、港口和仓库中都存在。水泥厂、灰泥厂和长期加强混泥产品都需要各种物料提升机械。在仓库等场所所做维修工作，也将用到起重机械可作间歇作业或连续作业。根据机械作用目的不同，可分为以下主要两类：a 起重机械 如：绞车、千斤顶、升降机和连续起重机；b 运输机械：各种运输设备（传送带、吊桶、螺旋机、缆索、气后操纵设备）和装载设备（叉车、单斗车）。1. 起重机主要参数（1） 提升能力：特定条件下起重机最大
6、吊起量。（2） 提升高度：从地面把货物提升到最大位置时吊钩中心的最低点的垂直距离。（3） 幅度：起重机旋转轴线到取物装置中心线之间的距离。（4） 跨度：起重机运行轨道轴线之间的水平距离。（5） 工作速度：起重各机构（提升、运行、下降、旋转）的速度。（6） 空间尺寸和重量（7） 稳定性：固定起重机的锚钉、压板或其它装置应保证起重机在工作情况下，起重臂各个方向的稳定保证，在暴风雨等恶劣条件下起重机稳定。 如果是有轨起重机，固定装置在计算起重机稳定性时不应计算在内。2. 起重机的重要零件吊钩吊钩用来提取重物，可分为单钩和多钩或板钩。尽管通常的做法是将吊钩悬挂在（滑轮组）壳体内的滑轮上，当装卸小负荷（
7、重小于3吨）时，吊钩可直接装在钢丝绳方向自由运动。当货物达到40吨时应采用抗剪铆接吊钩B.S3017或三角型B.S3317吊钩，还需装置锁定机构，防止吊钩旋转。钢丝绳钢丝绳是由可弯曲的能传递力的重要零件。钢丝绳由直径0.5mm-2mm的钢丝缠绕而成，可承受1400-2000的拉力，钢丝绳有不同的形式，建筑或道路建设中经常采用直径为1mm-32mm的各种材料双向绕（正向和反向）钢丝绳。双绕钢丝绳是用预先绕成螺旋状的钢丝般制造的，钢丝的缠绕方式和钢丝绳的缠绕方式是一样的，正向绕制的钢丝绳中的双绕钢丝是反向绞绕的。为使钢丝绳有足够的可绕性和润滑性，可采用浸泡在润滑油的纤维绳芯。在起重领域还可碰到一种
8、特殊的编织而成的钢丝绳。这种绳一般用于触轮设备，它的表面形成特殊的润滑层，这种绳可绕性低，但防潮耐用。滑轮和卷筒滑轮的作用是导向和支承钢丝绳。滑轮上的槽的边缘要有规定的形状以免夹住钢丝绳。滑轮的名义直径为滑轮槽底直径D，滑轮直径的大小直接影响钢丝绳的弯曲力的大小和钢丝绳的寿命，用此滑轮直径的选择一定要按照标准。在提升或拖拉货物时，钢丝绳会在光滑的有槽的卷筒表面受到损害。还使单根绳子上的压力较小，这样可以延长钢丝绳的寿命。制动器制动装置是起重机提升重物过程的一个重要装置电力起重机装有一个自动的电控制动器，当货物突然失控时它将由交流螺旋线圈起动，为防止重物下降时失速，有时装上一个离心式制动器，但采
9、用电位计动态控制的电制动器能使重物放慢速度达到正确移动效果，产生的力矩可使功力装置对其灵活的控制。在沃特连纳德系统中经常会用到一个大型动力装置，它可以单一控制的传动装置高速，它的动力发生器可节约通用控制器的花费，制动器由高强度金属制成，有光滑的摩擦表面、无裂纹.原文：DevelopmentWith fast developments of the modern technology, the expansion of industrial production and the growth of the automatic level, applications of the carne in
10、 the modern manufacture have been more and more extensive, the effect has been bigger and bigger. Higher and higher requirement has been caused. Especially, with the broad application of computer technology and the appearance of the advanced design method of a lot of inter discipline, which urge the
11、 technology of the carne into a brand-new seed time. Hoist crane development tendency, light and diversification. Has the suitable batch the hoist crane is in the general situation use, the work not very is certainly arduous. This kind of hoist crane batch big, the use is broad, considered the synth
12、esis benefit, requests the hoist crane to reduce the contour altitude as far as possible, the simplification structure, reduces is self-possessed with the wheel- pressure, also may cause the entire building highly to drop, construction structure light, reduces the construction cost. The electric hoi
13、st bridge type hoist crane and the beam crane can have a quicker development, and majority of substitutions in small tonnage general-utility bridge type hoist crane. The German Germany Maagcomp any passes through several dozens years development and the innovation, has formed a light combined type s
14、tandard hoist crane series. The lifting capacity is 1-63 ton, the work rank is A1-A7, the entire series by labor character shape and box Shan Liang, is hanging box shape Shan Liang, angular small carriage shape Shan Liang Hexiang shape double Liang and so on many varieties is composed. The king post
15、 and the end girder docking as well as the crab arrangement has the many kinds of patterns, may suit the different building and the different hoisting up high request. Needs each kind of specification hoist crane according to the user all to have three kind of Shan Su and three kinds double fast for
16、 will fully chooses, but also may select the frequency conversion velocity modulation. The operation way has the ground electric switch voluntarily to move, the hand electric switch moves, the hand electric switch fixedly along with the car, the wireless remote control, control room is fixed, contro
17、l room moves along with the car, control room voluntarily moves and so on seven kind of choices. The large cart and the car power supply has the electric cable car electric conduction, the DVS system two ways. The so many choices item, through the different combination, may match hundred and thousan
18、d of kind of hoist cranes, fully meets the user different need. This kind of hoist crane another biggest merit is light, is self-possessed lightly, the wheel-pressure light, the external dimensions is highly small, may greatly reduce the workshop building the construction cost, simultaneously also m
19、ay reduce the hoist crane the working power and the movement cost. Compares with the general product, the lifting capacity is 10t, span 22.5m, the general double beam bridge type hoist crane dead weight is 24t, hoist crane track surface above highly 1876mm, hoist crane width 5980mm; The German hoist
20、 crane dead weight only had 8.7t, the weight has been light 176%, the hoist crane track surface above highly was 920mm, reduced 104%, the hoist crane width is 2980mm, the external dimensions reduced 100%. The automation and the intellectualization, the hoist crane renew land the development, is deci
21、ded in the very great degree by the electrical transmission and the control improvement, realizes the hoist crane .Automation and the intellectualization. The large-scale highly effective hoist crane new generation of electricity control device has developed for the entire electron numerical control
22、 system . Mainly by entire numerical control drive, the programmable fore word controller, the breakdown diagnosis and the data management system the digitized operation assigns equipment and so on examination is composed. The live pressure frequency conversion velocity modulation, the radio frequen
23、cy data communication, the breakdown from will examine the fuzzy control, the laser search hoisting up center of gravity, the near field induction which the monitoring, the hoist will guard against swings guards against the collision technology, the field bus, the carrier-current communication and t
24、he control, the non- contact power supply and the three dimensional barcode technology and so on widely obtains the application. Enable the hoist crane to have a higher flexibility, suits many raids of few batches the flexible production pattern, raises the single plane synthesis automation level. T
25、he key development take the microprocessor as the core high performance electricity transmission device, enable the hoist crane to have the fine velocity action and the static dynamic characteristic, may carry on the operation the automatic control, the automatic demonstration and the record, the ho
26、ist crane movement automatic protection and the automatic detection, the special occasion long-distance range remote control and so on, meets the automated production needIntroductionVast quantities of materials,parts and products have to be moved in road and bridge construction.Loads are handled in
27、 construction and erection jobs, in loading materials excavated from quarries or delivered by railway and water transport onto trucks and other vehicles,and in storehouses servicing the construction site.Factories producing concrete,mortars and prefabricated reinforced-concrete products widely utili
28、ze all kinds of materials bandling equipment,as do various depots.All materials hangdling equipment is either intermittent or continuous-action.Depending on its purpose,it consists of the following two main groups:a、Hoisting machinery:winches,jacks,hoists and cranks for intermittent operation.b、Conv
29、eyingmachinery:conveyors(belt,bucket,screw,cableways,air-operated equipment)and loading equipment (fork-life,single-bucket loader).1.Main Parameters of Cranes （1）Lifting Capacity:The maximum load under specified condition for which the crane may be used.（2）Height of Lift:The vertical distance betwee
30、n the ground level or datum level,and the lowest point of the throat of the hook when the hook is in the highest working position.（3）Radius:The horizontal distance measured between the centerline of the hook and a perpendicular projected through the center of rotation.（4）Track center:The horizontal
31、distance between the centers of each pair of track rails.（5）Working speeds:The working speeds of different mechanisms(hoisting,traveling,derricking slewing)for crane.（6）Overall Dimensions and Weight.（7）Stability:The anchoring and/or ballasting of the crane shall be such as to ensure that with the ji
32、b in any position the righting moment imposed under service conditions.Under storm conditions the crane shall be stable.If the crane is rail mounted,the devices for anchoring the crane to the rails shall not be taken into account when determining the stability of the crane.2.Specific Parts for Crane
33、sHooksThey are used to lift loads,There are single hooks and solid or built-up dual hooks.To handling small loads(upto 3 tons)a hook may be attached directly to the free end of the rope,although the usual practice is to suspend the hook in a casing with a moving rope sheave.A bearing seating ring su
34、pporing the hook nut allows the load and the hook to turn freely around the vertical axis.For loads exceeding 40 tons,hooks of the ramshorn type,B.S3017,or of the triangular type,B.S3317,are preferable.If required,a locking device shall be fitted to prevent rotation of the hook.Steel wire RopesSteel
35、 wire ropes are used as flexible appliances to lift loads and transmit motion and forces.such ropes are wound from steel wire from 0.5 mm to 2 mm in diameter and have an ultimate strength of 1400-2000.Steel wire ropes are available in a great variety of designs. Machines used in amterials handling,
36、construction and road making are provided mostly with round double lay (cross or regular lay)ropes from 11 mm to 32 mm in dismeter.Double lay ropes are manufactured from preliminarily twisted spiral wire strands.In a parallel(Long)lay rope the direction of twist of the direction of twist of the wire
37、s in the strand is the same as that of the atrands in the rope,while regular lay ropes are so constructed that the direction of twist of the wires in the strand is opposite to that strands in the rope.To make the ropes more flexible and provde proper lubrication of wires of the strands are laid on a
38、 hemp core impregnated with oil.Special locked-coil steel wire ropes find application in cable cranes and cable ways.These ropes,used to carry trolleys,have the cross section.The outer specially shaped wires form a smooth surface.These ropes have a low flexibility and high resistance to wear and kee
39、p out moisture.Lleys and DrumsRopes are supported and guided by means of cast iron pulleys.The groove on the pulley rim is shaped so as not to pinch the rope.The nominal diameter of the pulley D is the diameter of the circle described by the exis of the rope.The pulley diameter appreciably affects t
40、he magnitude of the bending stresses and the rope servive life and for this reason the existing norms should be taken into account in selecting a pulley diameter.During lifting or other displacement of the load the rope may be wound around drums drums in the form of cylinders with a smooth or groove
41、d surface.A rope resting in a groove ensures,besides the proper direction,a smaller pressure on separate wires in the rop which increase the rop service life.BrakesOne of the most important components crane is the brake on the hoisting motion.Electric cranes are invariably fitted with an automatic e
42、lectric-mechanical brake actuated by solenoid or on alternating current by a thrustor which applies itself immediately current is cut off from the motor.Centrifugal brakes are occasionally fitted to prevent excessive acceleration when lowering,but it is preferable to use some system of electric brak
43、ing such as dynamic with potentiometer control on direct current,and one of the systems of creating an opposing torque with alternating current.Slow speeds for accurate movement can be obtained by a manual brake applied to create a torque and so load up the motor to make it sensitive to resistance c
44、ontrol.On large power installations the Word Leonard system is frequently used as it provides for a large range of speeds with simple control gear but the cost of the motor generator set offsets the saving in cost of main current controllers.Brake drums are preferably made of a high tensile iron which maintains a smooth rubbing surface without tearing.指 导 教 师 评 语 外文翻译成绩：指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。共 15 页 第 7 页
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