1、XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYFluorescent Probes荧光探针荧光探针厦门大学化学系厦门大学化学系厦门大学化学系厦门大学化学系 郭祥群郭祥群郭祥群郭祥群XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY郭祥群博士，博士生导师郭祥群博士，博士生导师u全国高校化学教育研究中心第四届学术委员会副主任，全国高校化学教育研究中心第四届学术委员会副主任，教育部高等学校本科教学工作水平评估专家，中国化教育部高等学校本科教学工作水平评估专家，中国化学会理事学会理事u 先后获得国家级奖先后获得国家级奖2项，省部级
2、奖项，省部级奖4项，发表科研与教项，发表科研与教学研究论文学研究论文100100余篇。余篇。u研究兴趣：荧光光谱分析的原理与技术，在研项目涉研究兴趣：荧光光谱分析的原理与技术，在研项目涉及生物活性自由基的荧光表征，海洋污染生物监测技及生物活性自由基的荧光表征，海洋污染生物监测技术研究，食品安全等。术研究，食品安全等。u联系方式联系方式: 0592-2181637(L),2187288(O),2182355(H)200507052XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYFluorescent ProbesuIntroductionuFluorescen
3、t Sensor 荧光传感荧光传感 uFluorescent Tracer 荧光示踪荧光示踪 uFRET 共振能量转移荧光共振能量转移荧光 uApplication 1.Radical probes 2.Ion probes 3.NIRF Fluorescence image 4.DNA sequence5.Protein probes6.DNA probes7.Membrane probes8.pH probes200507053XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYThankyouThank you 200507054XIAMEN UNIVER
4、SITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYFluorescence research uKey word:Fluorescen*uPeriod:Jan/2005-Jun/2005uData base:美国化学会美国化学会 (ACS)(ACS)数据库数据库 3566 3566 篇篇 WPSWPS电子期刊全文数据库电子期刊全文数据库 206 206 篇篇SDOSSDOS全文数据库（上交全文数据库（上交 镜像）镜像）1890 1890 篇篇英国皇家化学会（英国皇家化学会（RSC)RSC)数据库数据库 120 120 篇篇研究与应用领域涉及：生命研究与应用领域涉及：生命 环境环境 材料
5、材料 等等讲座要求了解：讲座要求了解：荧光荧光 探针探针 表征表征 应用应用 研究意义研究意义200507055XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYMolecular ProbeMolecular reporterMolecular reporterFrom J.FluorescenceFrom J.Fluorescence200507056XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYMolecular probes Molecular probes 200507057JablonskiJablonski
6、diagram diagramT1h Ah AAbsorption10-15 sVibrationalVibrational relaxrelax,VR,10VR,10-12-12 1010-14-14 s sInternal conversion,IC,10-1110-13 sIntersystem crossing,ISC,10-210-6 sFluorescencePhosphorescence ICISCS0S1S23 2 1 010-8 s10-3 100 sh Fh PHOMOLUMO200507058XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCO
7、PYCharacteristics of FluorophoreExcitation wavelength 激发波长激发波长 exEmission wavelength 发射波长发射波长 emExtinction(absorption)coefficient 吸光系数吸光系数 Stokes shift Fluorescence lifetime 荧光寿命光寿命 Fluorescence quantum yield 荧光量子产率荧光量子产率 Fluorescence Anisotropy 各各项异性异性 r Fluorescence Polarization 荧光偏振光偏振 p200507059
8、XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYExcitation and emission spectra 1Excitation spectrumEmission spectraF emF ex em ex2005070510Fluorescence lifetime relaxation(10relaxation(10-12-12 s)s)S S0 0S S1 1S S1 1hvhvA AhvhvF F k knrnrSimplified Simplified JablonskiJablonski diagram diagram :Emission
9、rate :Emission rate K Knrnr:nonradiativenonradiative decay ratedecay ratelDefinitionDefinitionAverage lifetimeAverage lifetime:the average the average time the molecule spends in time the molecule spends in the excited state prior to the excited state prior to return to the ground state.return to th
10、e ground state.l lExpressionExpression2005070511Fluorescence Quantum YieldlDefinition The fluorescence quantum yield is the ratio The fluorescence quantum yield is the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the of the number of photons emitted to the number absorbed number absorbed lExpression 20
11、05070512Sensor (1)+S RTS S S S 信号单元，信号单元，信号单元，信号单元，R R R R 识别单元，识别单元，识别单元，识别单元，T T T T 靶分子靶分子靶分子靶分子hvhvhv自由基传感自由基传感Z.-Y.Bian,X.-Q.Guo*,Analytical Science,21 553-559,20052005070513XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYSensor(2)DDhue-hvhvhvPET Photoinduced Electron TransferhvHg2+E.M.Nolan,et al.,J
12、Am.Chem.Soc.,2003,125:14270-14271 SRT2005070514Sensor(3)RShvhv FRET F D,ex D,em A,ex A,em F D,ex D,em A,ex A,emT+hvhvFluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 2005070515XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYProbing DNAMolecular beacons Molecular beacons 分子信标分子信标分子信标分子信标 ADQFTarget DNAssDNA binding
13、 proteinDenaturing reagent QFFQ2005070516XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYSensor(4)+S-RThvhvAl3+hv2005070517XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYSensor(5)+S-RT+竞争型竞争型+S-RT催化剂中间体催化剂中间体+hvhv催化型催化型2005070518XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYThe Fusion of The Fusion of IntegalInteg
14、al Membrane Protein Membrane Protein荧光素标记鼠蛋白质罗丹明标记人蛋白质鼠细胞人细胞37C15C融合融合异核体异核体From Instant notes,Biochemistry,E2TracerTracer膜膜内内蛋蛋白白侧侧向向运运动动2005070519Cell tracerA 30 mthick section of a zebrafish embryo stained with CellTracker CM-DiI(C7000,C7001)prior to immunohistochemical analysis.A one-day-old zeb
15、rafish embryo was immobilized and impaled in the hindbrain with a microelectrode filled with 1 mg/mL CellTracker CM-DiI in 95%ethanol.One day later,the brain was fixed,embedded,frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioned on a cryostat.After blocking with 0.1%Triton X-100 in PBS containing 2%BSA and 2%no
16、rmal goat serum,the 30 mthick section was incubated with primary anti-glial antibody in conjunction with fluorescein goat antimouse IgG antibody.This section was then viewed sequentially through optical filter sets appropriate for rhodamine and fluorescein,and the resulting images were superimposed.
17、The image was contributed by William Trevarrow,Beckman Institute,California Institute of Technology.C7000C7000C C6868HH105105ClCl2 2NN3 3O O 荧光染色的斑马鱼胚胎荧光染色的斑马鱼胚胎荧光染色的斑马鱼胚胎荧光染色的斑马鱼胚胎2005070520Tracer Tracer AgAgF-AgF-AgAbAb 抗体抗体抗体抗体在在免免疫疫反反应应前前后后荧荧光光探探针针自自身身的的荧荧光光量量子子产产率率不不发发生生变变化化的的情情况况测反应剩余的标记抗原，荧光正
18、比抗原量测反应剩余的标记抗原，荧光正比抗原量测固相荧光，荧光反比抗原量测固相荧光，荧光反比抗原量测固相洗脱，荧光反比抗原量测固相洗脱，荧光反比抗原量F F标记抗原标记抗原待测抗原待测抗原 F F F F荧光分子荧光分子F F F F F F2005070521FRET FRET Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 2005070522XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYPrinciple of FRETRate of energ
19、y transfer D quantum yield of D D lifetime of Dr r distance between A and Ddistance between A and Dn refrcative indexN Avogadros numberk k orientation factororientation factorJ J overlap integraloverlap integral F D,ex D,em A,ex A,em2005070523XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYOrientation fac
20、tork=2/3randomize by rotational diffusion prior to energy transfer2005070524XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYFRET sensor design based on donor and FRET sensor design based on donor and acceptor distance changes acceptor distance changes K.Kikuchi,et al.,TrAC,2004,23(6),407-4132005070525XIAM
21、EN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYFRET probing cAMP K.Kikuchi,et al.,K.Kikuchi,et al.,TrACTrAC,2004,23(6),407-413,2004,23(6),407-413cAMPcAMP cyclic adenosine cyclic adenosine monophosphatemonophosphate 环腺苷酸环腺苷酸环腺苷酸环腺苷酸环腺苷酸依赖蛋白激环腺苷酸依赖蛋白激酶支架结构四聚体酶支架结构四聚体表征表征cAMP2005070526FRET probing PDE 磷酸二酯酶磷酸二酯
22、酶Before hydrolysisAfter hydrolysis K.Kikuchi,et al.,TrAC,2004,23(6),407-413BeforeAfter 香豆素phosphodiesterasehvhvhv2005070527XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYEmission spectraPDE2005070528XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYFRET sensor design based on modulation of spectral overlap F D,e
23、x D,em A,ex A,em F D,ex D,em A,ex A,em有利于能量转移有利于能量转移有利于能量转移有利于能量转移不利于能量转移不利于能量转移不利于能量转移不利于能量转移2005070529Probing phosphatase 磷酸酶磷酸酶LF absQF absDonor EmiLF(内酯）QF(醌型）K.Kikuchi,et al.,TrAC,2004,23(6),407-413PTP 蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶香豆素香豆素香豆素香豆素荧光素荧光素荧光素荧光素2005070530XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY生物活性自由基研
24、究的重要性生物活性自由基研究的重要性OH OOH O2 2-RO ROO RO ROO NO NO 活性氧自由基活性氧自由基活性氧自由基活性氧自由基其他其他其他其他 R GS R GS 为维持生命所必须为维持生命所必须为维持生命所必须为维持生命所必须过量产生会导致生物大分子损伤过量产生会导致生物大分子损伤过量产生会导致生物大分子损伤过量产生会导致生物大分子损伤 生命过程中所产生的自由基，是行使生理功能及介导其生命过程中所产生的自由基，是行使生理功能及介导其生命过程中所产生的自由基，是行使生理功能及介导其生命过程中所产生的自由基，是行使生理功能及介导其生化反应所必需的。如在线粒体呼吸链上电子传递
25、过程生化反应所必需的。如在线粒体呼吸链上电子传递过程生化反应所必需的。如在线粒体呼吸链上电子传递过程生化反应所必需的。如在线粒体呼吸链上电子传递过程中产生的自由基在线粒体能量代谢中起着重要的作用。中产生的自由基在线粒体能量代谢中起着重要的作用。中产生的自由基在线粒体能量代谢中起着重要的作用。中产生的自由基在线粒体能量代谢中起着重要的作用。2005070531XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYOH抽氢导致抽氢导致DNA断裂断裂2005070532XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY硫中心自由基引起细
26、胞损伤硫中心自由基引起细胞损伤 2005070533XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY顺磁标记荧光探针顺磁标记荧光探针顺磁标记荧光探针顺磁标记荧光探针-Probing free radical-Probing free radicalParamagnetic(Low fluorescence)Diamagnetic(High fluorescence)产物抗磁性，稳定产物抗磁性，稳定产物抗磁性，稳定产物抗磁性，稳定自由基之间的反应快速自由基之间的反应快速自由基之间的反应快速自由基之间的反应快速多功能探针：多功能探针：多功能探针：多功能探针：ES
27、RESR；荧光（强度、偏振、寿命等）；荧光（强度、偏振、寿命等）；荧光（强度、偏振、寿命等）；荧光（强度、偏振、寿命等）荧光显微技术应用于细胞、组织的自由基作用研究荧光显微技术应用于细胞、组织的自由基作用研究荧光显微技术应用于细胞、组织的自由基作用研究荧光显微技术应用于细胞、组织的自由基作用研究2005070534XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY比率型荧光分子比率型荧光分子-Probing NOSohSoh,N.et al.,Chem.Commun.,2002,2250-2251,N.et al.,Chem.Commun.,2002,2250
28、2251NOFRETFRET exex=360nm=360nm emem=470nm=470nm emem=410nm=410nm exex=360nm=360nm荧胺荧胺荧胺荧胺香豆素香豆素2005070535 OHOH比率型荧光探针比率型荧光探针-Probing OHSohSoh,N.et al.,Chem.Commun.,2004,496-497,N.et al.,Chem.Commun.,2004,496-497以与自由基作用的特征靶分以与自由基作用的特征靶分以与自由基作用的特征靶分以与自由基作用的特征靶分子或官能团作为识别基团子或官能团作为识别基团子或官能团作为识别基团子或官能团作
29、为识别基团荧光素荧光素荧光素荧光素罗丹明罗丹明罗丹明罗丹明脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷二聚体脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷二聚体脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷二聚体脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷二聚体2005070536XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYCa2+indicator Fura-2Fura-Ca2+Fura钙具有使原生质胶体稳定以及调节细胞膜的结构和通透钙具有使原生质胶体稳定以及调节细胞膜的结构和通透钙具有使原生质胶体稳定以及调节细胞膜的结构和通透钙具有使原生质胶体稳定以及调节细胞膜的结构和通透性的作用。对各种细胞的兴奋性具有正负效应。性的作用。对各种细胞的兴奋性具有正负效应。性的作用
30、对各种细胞的兴奋性具有正负效应。性的作用。对各种细胞的兴奋性具有正负效应。Excitation Emission2005070537XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYCa2+indicator Indo-1Indo-1-Ca2+2005070538XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYICT principle2005070539XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYImage of Fura-2-Ca2+False-color image（假色成像）
31、假色成像）of free Ca2+concentration in a Purkinje neuron（梨状（梨状神经元）神经元）from embryonic mouse cerebellum（胚鼠小（胚鼠小脑）脑）The composite image,which represents the ratio of images obtained with excitation at 340 nm and 380 nm,reveals the mobilization of internal Ca2+stores without contribution from Ca2+Fura-2-Ca2
32、胚鼠小脑梨状神经元中游离胚鼠小脑梨状神经元中游离Ca2+浓度荧光成像浓度荧光成像2005070540XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYImage of spiral Ca2+waveFluo-3(F1240)confocal image of a spiral Ca2+wave initiated by injection of a nonhydrolyzable analog of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate（肌醇三磷酸非水解模拟物）in a Xenopus laevis oocyte（瓜蟾卵母细胞）.The i
33、mage was contributed by David Clapham,Harvard University,and reproduced with permission from Cell 69,283(1992).瓜蟾卵母细胞中螺旋瓜蟾卵母细胞中螺旋Ca2+波共焦荧光成像波共焦荧光成像Fluo-32005070541XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYNa+indicator SBFISBFISBFI-Na+海马切片海马切片CA1锥形锥形神经元神经元Na+成像成像2005070542XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENC
34、E SPECTROSCOPYCd2+indicator Fluorescence emission spectra of a mixture of 1 M BTC-5N(B-6845)and 1 M TCPP in solutions containing zero to 1.0 M Cd2+.BTC-5N,tetrapotassium salt2005070543XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYZnZn2+2+indicator indicatorAPTRA-BTC,tripotassium salt Fluorescence excita
35、tion spectra of APTRA-BTC(A-6895)in solutions containing zero to 25 M Zn2+.2005070544XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYpH indicator5-sulfofluorescein diacetate,sodium salt(SFDA)2005070545DNA-based pH sensor Tatsuo Tatsuo OhmishiOhmishi et et al.,Biochemistryal.,Biochemistry 2005,44 7125-7130
36、 2005,44 7125-71302005070546XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY Tatsuo Tatsuo OhmishiOhmishi et et al.,Biochemistryal.,Biochemistry 2005,44 7125-7130 2005,44 7125-7130DNA-based pH indicator表征表征表征表征MCF-7MCF-7乳腺癌细乳腺癌细乳腺癌细乳腺癌细胞编程性死亡过程胞编程性死亡过程胞编程性死亡过程胞编程性死亡过程ApoptosisMCF-7 MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞乳腺癌细胞2005070
37、547XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY荧光成像荧光成像通过静脉注射或腹腔注射到生物体内的近红外通过静脉注射或腹腔注射到生物体内的近红外荧光探针吸着并聚集于肿瘤等组织中，肿瘤中荧光探针吸着并聚集于肿瘤等组织中，肿瘤中存在特异的细胞、蛋白质、酶等，这些物质可存在特异的细胞、蛋白质、酶等，这些物质可与荧光探针结合或反应而发出荧光，可根据荧与荧光探针结合或反应而发出荧光，可根据荧光的位置、强度得知肿瘤的位置、大小，是否光的位置、强度得知肿瘤的位置、大小，是否转移、扩散及肿瘤的阴性、阳性等一系列信息转移、扩散及肿瘤的阴性、阳性等一系列信息.200507
38、0548XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY近红外成像近红外成像 为什么选择近红外？为什么选择近红外？2005070549GFP 绿色绿色荧光蛋白荧光蛋白Endostatin内生抑制素内生抑制素Cy5.5 花菁花菁荧光染料荧光染料NIR1,NIR2,GFP 不同滤光片不同滤光片CY5.5CY5.5标记的内生抑制素特异识别肿瘤标记的内生抑制素特异识别肿瘤2005070550XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY2005070551XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTRO
39、SCOPY2005070552XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYSelf-quenching probeRalph Ralph WisslederWissleder,et.al.Nature America 1999,17:375-378,et.al.Nature America 1999,17:375-378酶活化酶活化酶作用位点酶作用位点C-PGC肿瘤伴生溶酶体蛋白酶特异识别肿瘤伴生溶酶体蛋白酶特异识别自猝灭荧光探针（或细胞成像）自猝灭荧光探针（或细胞成像）多甲氧基聚乙烯乙二醇多甲氧基聚乙烯乙二醇-聚赖氨酸聚赖氨酸-cy5.5(C-PGC)
40、cy5.5(C-PGC),2005070553XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY2005070554XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYPhase contrast Phase contrast image image 相差成像相差成像相差成像相差成像NIRF image 肿瘤细胞成像肿瘤细胞成像NIRFNIRFNIRFNIRFLysosomal compartment 溶酶体分隔溶酶体分隔2005070555XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
41、NIRF image2005070556Template 3-CCGGTAGCAACT-5Primer 5-GG-3GGCCAGGCCATCGTTGAGGCGGCCGGCCATCGGCCATCGGGCCATCGTTGGGCCATGGCCATCGTGGCCATCGTTdATPdCTPdGTPdTTPddATPdATPdCTPdGTPdTTPddCTPdATPdCTPdGTPdTTPddGTPdATPdCTPdGTPdTTPddTTPF1-AF2-CF3-GF4-TDNA polymerasedATP 脱氧腺苷dCTP 脱氧胞苷dGTP 脱氧鸟苷dTTP 脱氧胸苷ddATP 双脱氧腺苷ddCTP
42、双脱氧胞苷ddGTP 双脱氧鸟苷ddTTP 双脱氧胸苷FDNA sequence2005070557XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY近红外成像荧光探针近红外成像荧光探针七次甲基花菁素类七次甲基花菁素类(图图2，a)2005070558Protein probes蛋白质荧光蛋白质荧光蛋白质荧光蛋白质荧光探针探针探针探针RGRG对牛对牛对牛对牛血清白蛋白血清白蛋白血清白蛋白血清白蛋白（BSABSA）的）的）的）的响应图响应图响应图响应图WWW2005070559XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYD
43、NA probeAbsorption and fluorescence emission spectra of ethidium bromde bound to DNA Ethidium bromide 溴化乙锭溴化乙锭2005070560XIAMEN UNIVERSITYFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYDNA probeHoechst 33258(bis-benzimide)Absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of Hoechst 33258 bound to DNA.2005070561XIAMEN UNIVERSIT
44、YFLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPYNormal and camptothecin-treated bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells(BPAEC)were stained with C4-BODIPY 500/510 C9(B-3824 and Hoechst 33258(H-1398,H-3569).BODIPY and Hoechst fluorescence were recorded using longpass filters appropriate for fluorescein and DAPI,respectiv
45、ely.An overlay of the images indicates that a red shift in BODIPY fluorescence is significant in normal cells(left panel)compared to that in apoptotic cells(right panel,as indicated by the fragmented nuclear staining of the Hoechst dye).Image contributed by Wan-Nan Uang,Molecular Probes,Inc.正常细胞正常细胞
46、编程性死亡细胞编程性死亡细胞Hoechst 33258 staining DNA staining 2005070562DNA stainingDNA stainingViable Viable MadinMadin-Darby canine-Darby canine kidney(MDCK)cells kidney(MDCK)cells sequentially stained with sequentially stained with BODIPY FL C5-ceramide(BODIPY FL C5-ceramide(D-D-35213521),),LysoTrackerLysoTr
47、acker Red DND-99 Red DND-99(L-7528L-7528)and Hoechst 33258()and Hoechst 33258(H-H-13981398,H-3569H-3569).Green-).Green-fluorescent BODIPY FL C5-fluorescent BODIPY FL C5-ceramide ceramide localizedlocalized to the to the GolgiGolgi apparatus,red-fluorescent apparatus,red-fluorescent LysoTrackerLysoTr
48、acker Red stain Red stain accumulated in the accumulated in the lysosomeslysosomes and blue-fluorescent Hoechst and blue-fluorescent Hoechst 33258 dye stained the nuclei.33258 dye stained the nuclei.The multiple-exposure image The multiple-exposure image was acquired with was acquired with bandpassb
49、andpass filters appropriate for filters appropriate for fluoresceinfluorescein,Texas Red dye and,Texas Red dye and DAPI.Image contributed by DAPI.Image contributed by Chii-ShiarngChii-Shiarng Chen,Molecular Chen,Molecular Probes,Inc.Probes,Inc.Hoechst 33258 stain N 胞核胞核BODIPY FL C5 stain G 高尔基体高尔基体L
50、ysotracker stain L 溶酶体溶酶体 DNA stainingDNA staining2005070563+-卵磷脂卵磷脂Membrane probesMembrane probes2005070564Membrane probe Emission intensities of DPPG Emission intensities of DPPG vesicles labeled with of vesicles labeled with of Ru(bpy)2(dppz)2+at various Ru(bpy)2(dppz)2+at various cholesterol con
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