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1、为太阳能电池在你的厨房A solar cell is a device for converting en ergy from the sun into electricity.太阳能电池是一种能量转换装置的阳光转化为电能。The high-efficie ncy solar cells you can buy at Radio Shack and otherstores are made from highly processed silic on, and require hugefactories, high temperatures, vacuum equipme nt, and lo
2、ts of mon ey.在高效率太阳能电池，您可以购买和Radio Shack等商店是由高度处理芯片，而且还需要巨大的工厂，高温，真空设备，以及大量的钱财。If we are willing to sacrifice efficiency for the ability to make our ownsolar cells in the kitchen out of materials from the neighborhoodhardware store, we can dem on strate a worki ng solar cell in about an hour.如果我们愿意牺
3、牲效率的能力，使我们自己的太阳能电池在厨房里的材料从附近 五金店，我们可以显示出太阳能电池的工作在大约一个小时。Our solar cell is made from cuprous oxide in stead of silic on.我们的太阳能电池是由 氧化亚铜不是硅。Cuprous oxide is one of the first materials known to display thephotoelectric effect , in which light causes electricity to flow in a material. 氧化亚铜是第一个知道的材料显示 光电
4、效应，其中轻原因电力流动的物质。Thinking about how to explain the photoelectric effect is what led AlbertEinstein to the Nobel prize for physics, and to the theory of relativity.思考如何解释光电效应是导致爱因斯坦的诺贝尔物理学奖，并相对论。Materials you will n eed您将需要的材料The solar cell is made from these materials:太阳能电池是由这些材料：1. A sheet of copper
5、 flashi ng from the hardware store. This no rmally costs about $5.00 per square foot. We will n eed about half a squarefoot. 一张铜闪动从五金店。这通常成本约为5.00美元，每平方英尺。我们将需要约50平方尺。2. Two alligator clip leads.两个鳄鱼夹线索。3. A sen sitive micro-ammeter that can read curre nts betwee n 10 and50 microamperes. 一个敏感微型电表可以读
6、取电流之间的10和50微安。Radio Shack sells small LCD multimeters that will do, but I used asmall surplus meter with a n eedle.Radio Shack的销售小型LCD万用表将做，但我用一个小的盈余米用一根 针。4. An electric stove. 一个电炉。My kitche n stove is gas, so I bought a small on e-bur ner electric hotplate for about $25.我的厨房炉灶是气体，所以我买了一个小一炉电板的约25
7、美元。The little 700 watt burners probably wont work - mine is 1100 watts,so the bur ner gets red hot.小700瓦特可能不会燃烧器的工作-煤矿1100瓦特，因此燃烧会红。5. A large clear plastic bottle off of which you can cut the top. I used a 2 liter spring water bottle.大型塑料瓶明确了其中您可以剪下顶端。我用2升矿泉水瓶。A large mouth glass jar will also work
8、.大口玻璃瓶还将工作。6. Table salt.食盐。We will want a couple tablespoo ns of salt.我们希望两汤匙的盐。7. Tap water.自来水。8. Sand paper or a wire brush on an electric drill.砂纸或钢丝刷上电钻。9. Sheet metal shears for cutt ing the copper sheet.钣金剪切割铜表。How to build the solar cell怎样建设太阳能电池My bur ner looks like this:我的刻录机看起来像这样:The fi
9、rst step is to cut a piece of the copper sheeti ng that is about the size of the bur ner on the stove.第一步是将一块塑料布是铜的大小燃烧的炉灶。Wash your hands so they dont have any grease or oil on them. 洗手所以他们没有任何的油脂或油他们。Then wash the copper sheet with soap or clea nser to get any oil orgrease off of it. Use the san d
10、paper or wire brush to thoroughly clea n thecopper sheet ing, so that any sulphide or other light corrosi on is removed.然后洗掉铜板材用肥皂或清洁剂，以获得任何油或油脂关闭它。使用砂纸或钢丝 刷，彻底清洁铜薄膜，因此，任何硫化物或其他轻腐蚀被删除。Next, place the clea ned and dried copper sheet on the burner and tur n the burner to its highest setting.下一步，将清理和干燥
11、铜表上的燃烧器，把刻录机的最高设置As the copper starts to heat up, you will see beautiful oxidati on patter ns beg in to form.由于铜开始升温，你会看到美丽的氧化格局开始形成Oran ges, purples, and reds will cover the copper.桔子，紫色，和利物浦将涵盖铜。作为铜会热，颜色改为黑色涂层铜氧化物This is not the oxide we want, but it will flake off later, showing the reds, oran ge
12、s, pin ks, and purples of the cuprous oxide layer undern eath.这不是我们想要的氧化物，但它鳞片关闭后，显示红，橙，粉红色和紫色的氧化亚铜层下面The last bits of color disappear as the bur ner starts to glow red.最后位的颜色消失燃烧开始辉光红色Whe n the burner is glow ing red-hot, the sheet of copper will be coated with a black cupric oxide coat.当燃烧器是灼热的红色之
13、际，以表铜将涂有黑色的铜氧化物层。Let it cook for a half an hour, so the black coating will be thick.让我们库克为一个半小时，所以将黑色涂层厚度。This is importa nt, since a thick coati ng will flake off nicely, while a thin coat will stay stuck to the copper.这一点很重要，因为厚厚的鳞片涂料将关闭很好，而薄外套将停留坚持铜After theturn off theburner. Leave the hot coppe
14、r on the burner to cool slowly. If you cool ittoo quickly, the black oxide will stay stuck to the copper.半小时后，做饭,关闭燃烧器。离开热铜对燃烧器冷却缓慢。如果你冷却太快，黑色氧化物将继续坚持铜As the copper cools, it shri nks. The black cupric oxide also shri nks. But they shrink at different rates, which makes the black cupric oxide flake
15、off.由于铜冷却，它缩小。黑色铜氧化物也缩小。但是，他们在不同的收缩率，从而使黑色铜氧化物片赶走黑色的小薄片弹出了铜有足够的力量，使它们飞几英寸This means a little more cleaning effort around the stove, but it is fun to watch.这意味着更多一点清洁炉灶周围的努力，但它是有趣的观察。当铜冷却到室温（这大约需要20分钟），大多数黑人氧化氮将不复存在。A light scrubb ing with your hands un der running water will remove most of the small
16、 bits.一光年洗涤你的双手自来水将取消大部分小位。Resist the temptati on to remove all of the black spots by hard scrubb ing or by flexing the soft copper.抵制诱惑，删除所有的黑点很难擦洗或伸缩软铜。This might damage the delicate red cuprous oxide layer we n eed tomake to solar cell work.这可能破坏脆弱的红色氧化亚铜层我们需要作出的太阳能电池工作。The rest of the assembly i
17、s very simple and quick.剩下的组装非常简单，快速。Cut ano ther sheet of copper about the same size as the first one. Bend both pieces gently, so they will fit into the plastic bottle or jar without touch ing one ano ther.削减另一张铜的大小相同的第一个。弯曲件都轻轻地，所以他们将融入塑料瓶或罐，而不必一个。The cuprous oxide coat ing that was facing up on
18、the bur ner is usually thebest side to face outwards in the jar, because it has the smoothest, clea nest surface.涂层的氧化亚铜是朝上的刻录机通常是最好的一面面对向外在JAR，因为它流畅的，清洁的表面。Attach the two alligator clip leads, one to the new copper plate, and one to the cuprous oxide coated plate.附上两个阿利盖特剪辑线索，一个新的铜板，其中的氧化亚铜涂层板。Conn
19、ect the lead from the clean copper plate to the positive terminal of the meter. Connect the lead from the cuprous oxide plate to the negative terminal of the meter.连接带头从清洁铜板的积极终端的米。连接带头从氧化亚铜板的消极终端的米Now mix a couple tablespoons of salt into some hot tap water. Stir the saltwater until all the salt is
20、 dissolved. Then carefully pour the saltwater into the jar, being careful not to get the clip leads wet.现在一对夫妇汤匙混合盐的一些热点自来水。搅拌，直到所有的海水溶解的盐 然后小心倒入盐水进入罐，小心不要剪辑导致湿。图片:The photo above shows the solar cell in my shadow as I took the picture.上面的照片显示，太阳能电池在我的阴影，我采取了图片。Notice that the meter is reading about
21、 6 microamps of current.请注意，该表是读6微安的电流。The solar cell is a battery, eve n in the dark, and will usually show a fewmicroamps of curre nt.太阳能电池是一个电池，即使在黑暗中，并通常会显示几个微安的电流。上述照片显示，太阳能电池在阳光下。请注意，该表已上涨了约33微安的电流Sometimes it will go over 50 microamps, swi nging the n eedle all the wayover to the right.有时候会超过
22、50微安，摆针的方式对所有的权利。How does it do that?它是如何做到这一点？Cuprous oxide is a type of material called asemic on ductor. Asemic on ductor is in betwee n a con ductor, where electricity can flowfreely, and an in sulator, where electr ons are bound tightly to their atomsand do not flow freely.氧化亚铜是一种所谓的 半导体材料。半导体是
23、导体之间，那里的电力可以自由流动，以及绝缘体，其中电子的约束紧密其原子和不自由流动。In a semic on ductor, there is a gap, called a ban dgap betwee n theelectro ns that are bound tightly to the atom, and the electro ns that arefarther from the atom, which can move freely and con duct electricity.在半导体，存在差距的，所谓的电子之间的带隙的约束紧密的原子和电子是远离原子，它可以自由行动和
24、进行发电。Electr ons cannot stay in side the ban dgap.电子不能留内的带隙。An electr on cannot gain just a little bit of en ergy and move away fromthe atoms nu cleus into the ban dgap.电子不能只是一点点能源和摆脱原子的核纳入隙。An electro n must gain eno ugh en ergy to move farther away from thenu cleus, outside of the ban dgap.电子必须获得足够
25、的能量将更加远离核以外的带隙。Similarly, an electron outside the bandgap cannot lose a little bit ofen ergy and fall just a little bit closer to the nu cleus. It must lose eno ughen ergy to fall past the ban dgap into the area where electr ons areallowed.同样，电子以外的带隙不能失去一点点能源和秋天刚刚有点接近核心。它必须失去足够的能量，属于过去的带隙纳入地方电子获准。Wh
26、e n sun light hits the electr ons in the cuprous oxide, some of theelectr ons gain eno ugh en ergy from the sun light to jump past theban dgap and become free to con duct electricity.当阳光访问电子在氧化亚铜，一些电子获得足够的能量从阳光，跳转过去的带隙, 并成为自由进行发电。The free electro ns move into the saltwater, the n into the clea n cop
27、perplate, into the wire, through the meter, and back to the cuprous oxide plate.自由电子进入盐水，然后把干净的铜板，到线，通过米，并回到氧化亚铜板。As the electr ons move through the meter, they perform the work n eededto move the n eedle.作为移动的电子表，他们从事的工作需要把针头。When a shadow falls on the solar cell, fewer electro ns move through them
28、eter, and the n eedle dips back down.当一个影子落在了太阳能电池，减少电子遍历米，并针逢低回落。A note about power关于权力的说明The cell produces 50 microamps at 0.25 volts.细胞产生50微安在0.25伏特。This is 0.0000125 watts (12.5 microwatts).这是 0.0000125 瓦特(12.5 微)。Dont expect to light light bulbs or charge batteries with this device.不要指望光灯泡或电池充电
29、这一装置。It can be used as a light detector or light meter, but it would take acres of them to power your house.它可以用来作为光探测器或轻米，但还需要英亩的权力你的房子。The 0.0000125 watts (12.5 microwatts) is for a 0.01 square meter cell, or1.25 milliwatts per square meter.该0.0000125瓦特(12.5微)是一个0.01平方米细胞，或1.25毫瓦每平方 米。To light a 1
30、00 watt light bulb, it would take80,000 square meters ofcuprous oxide for the sun lit side, and 80,000 square meters of copper for the dark electrode.点亮一个100瓦灯泡，它将采取 八点零万平方米 氧化亚铜在阳光照射的一边， 八点零万平方米铜电极的黑暗。To run a 1,000 watt stove, you would n eed 800,000 square meters of cuprous oxide, and ano ther 80
31、0,000 square meters of pla in copper, or 1,600,000 square meters all together. If this were to form the roof of a home, each home would be 282 meters long and 282 meters wide , assu ming all they n eeded electricity for was one stove.运行千瓦特炉灶，您需要八十。点ooo万平方米氧化亚铜，另一八十。点o万平方 米平原铜，或一百六十零点OO万平方米所有在一起。如果出现
32、这种形式的屋顶 家庭，每个家庭将282米长和282米宽，假设所有他们需要的电力是一个炉灶。There are 17,222,256.7 square feet in 1,600,000 square meters. If coppersheet ing costs $5 per square foot, the copper alone would cost$86,110,283.50 USD.有17,222,256.7平方英尺的一百六十O点万平方米。如 果铜薄膜费用5美元，每平方英尺，仅铜的费用将达到86,110,283.50美元。Maki ng it o ne ten th the thi
33、ck ness can bring this dow n to $8,611,028.35.使十分之一的厚度可以把这个降至 8,611,028.35。Si nee you are buyi ng inbulk, you might get it for half that, or about $4,300,000.00.既然你是购买散装，您可能会得到它的一半，即约 $ 4,300,000.00。 If you used silicon solarpan els costi ng $4 per watt, you could run the same stove for $4,000.00.如果
34、您使用的硅太阳能电池板成本每瓦4美元，你可以执行相同的炉灶为$ 4,000.00 。But the pan els would only be about 10 square meters.但是，小组将只约 10 平方米。 Or, for about a dollar, you can build a solar stoveout of alu minum foil and cardboard. For about $20, you can build a veryn ice polished alumi num parabolic solar cooker.或者，约一美元，您可以建立一个太阳能炉灶的铝箔和纸板。对于约 20美元，您可以建立一个非常好的抛 光铝抛太阳灶