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1、 多边界条件下爆破技术在路基施工中的应用摘要：基于多边界条件下爆破理论和山区高等级公路石方路基工程的特点，探讨了爆破技术在山区高等级公路建设石方路基施工中应用的可行性和关键。实践表明：在山区高等级公路路基施工中推广和应用新的爆破技术是加快施工进度和保证施工质量的有效措施。b 关键词：多边界爆破理论；抵抗线；装药量；石方路基；深挖；质量；进度我国高等级公路经过近二十年的建设取得了巨大成就，高等级公路里程迅速增加。目前，高等级公路建设逐渐由平原微丘区向山岭重丘区延伸发展。尤其是随着西部大开发战略的实施，西部公路建设所面临的地质地形将会越来越多的遇到起伏不平的岩石山区。为了满足高等级公路所需的技术标
2、准，必须克服波浪起伏、高差较大、沟谷相间等各种不利地形，深挖高填土石方工程难以避免。而深挖高填工程数量大、传统施工速度慢、施工效率低下，同桥遂工程一样，往往成为决定工程进度的关键。因此，必须研究推广采用新的爆破技术，以在山区高等级公路建设中加快石方路基工程的施工进度并确保施工质量。1多边界条件下爆破技术随着凿岩机具、装运机具和爆破技术的发展，基于多边界条件爆破理论对公路工程影响较大的爆破技术是光面爆破和预裂爆破、深孔爆破以及微差爆破技术。11多边界条件爆破多边界条件即为地形变化条件，一般分为平坦地形、倾斜地形、山包地形和垭口地形。多边界爆破遵循“最小抵抗线原理”。图1表示多边界爆破漏斗。多边界
3、药量计算如下。QedKW3F（E）式中Q为药包的装药量，kg；e为炸药换算系数；d为堵塞系数；K形成标准抛掷漏斗时的线耗药量，kgm3；W为最小抵抗线，m；F（E，）为药包性质指数；E为抛掷（坍）率（）；为自然地面坡度（）。图1多边界条件下的爆破漏斗示意药包间距（m）：a（1012）W子药包间距（m）C05nWsin1式中W为相邻两药包最小抵抗线的平均值；n为爆破作用指数，其余同前。爆破作用半径：下爆破作用半径R下Wn21上爆破作用半径R上WAa上n21式中a上为抵抗线出口点至上破坏点之间的地面坡度，（）；A为崩塌系数。12光面爆破和预裂爆破光面爆破和预裂爆破是专门针对设计开挖界面进行有效控制
4、的爆破方法。沿爆破开挖区的设计轮廓或边坡，以较小的间距合理布置一排相互平行的钻孔，在孔内采用间歇或不耦合装药，并在开挖区主爆破之后或之前同时起爆，从而获得符合设计轮廓、光滑平整和稳定性好的边坡面。光面爆破和预裂爆破在技术上采用室洞控制爆破方法，其核心是药包布置原则。包括：（1）在任何情况下，药包布置均以最小抵抗线为设计依据；（2）根据路堑中心挖深和宽度，进行药包分层布置；（3）尽量对药包进行纵向或横向分集或分条布置；（4）合理安排药包的起爆时间。光面爆破和预裂爆破的主要参数有钻孔直径、孔间距、抵抗线、线装药量、装药结构、最后一排主爆孔与裂孔间距等。钻孔直径（d）：一般以50mm70mm为宜，为
5、增加不耦合系数也可采用100mm150mm。另外，孔深较大也可用较大的钻孔直径。炮孔间距（a）：孔距与孔径成正比例关系，并与岩性、岩体构造和炸药类型等因素有关，即amd。对于预裂爆破md1012；光面爆破md1016。同时在光面爆破中孔距与最小抵抗线W成正比，即amW，一般m处于0610之间。线装药量q（kgm）；光面爆破q（01015）KaW；预裂爆破q（0104）Ka2式中符号同前。装药结构既能满足设计规定的不耦合系数值，又要尽可能保证药包爆炸后，爆能沿钻孔全长均匀分布。装药结构一般有连续装药和间隔装药两种。13深孔爆破深孔爆破就是炮孔孔径大于75mm且深度在5m以上的采用延长药包的一种爆
6、破方法，通常有拉槽深孔爆破和台阶深孔爆破两种。炮孔需用大型的 潜孔凿岩机或穿孔机钻空。当用机械清方时，采用台阶深孔爆破效果更好，可以实现路基石方施工全面机械化。深孔爆破的优点是劳动生产率高，一次爆落的方量多，施工进度快，爆破时对路基边坡的影响比大炮小。若配合预裂或光面爆破，则边坡稳定，爆破效果易控制，爆破时比较安全。但由于需用大型机械，故转移工地、开辟场地、修筑便道等准备工作都比较复杂，且爆破后仍有1025的大石块需经第二次爆破解小。深孔爆破梯段倾角最好为6075，高度应在5m15m之间。可采用垂直孔和斜孔两种炮孔，孔径通常为80mm300mm。公路工程中以100mm150mm为宜。超钻长度大
7、致是梯段高度的1015。岩石坚硬者取大值。垂直孔深度（m）：lHh斜孔的深度（m）：lHh炮孔的间距（m）：aMW底板抵抗线（m）：WD785ptlKmH式中m约为0614，常取07085；D为钻空直径，dm；p为炸药密度，kgm3；K为单位耗药量，kgm3，且KK3；为深孔装药系数；H为梯段高度，m；其余同前。当H10m时，06；H10m15m时；05；H15m20m时，04。W值确定后按下式估算L值：LWHctg式中L为炮孔与梯段顶边缘的距离，m；其余同前。为确保凿岩机作业安全，此值应大于2m3m；否则，需调整W值。多排孔时，排的间距b可取bW。最后按下式计算炸药量Q（kg）：QeKWHa
8、式中符号同前。14微差爆破多发一次爆破采用微差爆破技术具有减震、前发药包为后发药包开创凌空面进而加强岩石破碎效果、降低一次爆破堆积高度、有利于机械作业、减少岩石夹制力、节省炸药、并可增大孔距等优点，提高每百米的炸落方量。15抛掷（坍）爆破定向爆破和松动爆破对于自然坡度较陡（30），地形地质条件较为复杂、凌空面大时，采用抛坍爆破。抛坍爆破利用岩石本身的自重坍滑出路基，提高爆破效果，从而加快施工进度并降低工程造价。当路线通过波浪起伏的峡谷或鸡爪地形地段、横切山包或山嘴、凌空面较多时，采用抛坍或抛掷爆破效率更为显著。在以借为填或移挖作填地段，特别是深挖高填相间、工程量大的鸡爪型地区，采用定向爆破，一
9、次可形成1百米以上至数百米路基。在软石、次坚石路基地段，采用松动爆破技术，配合机械化施工作业，可大大提高施工效率，在坚石路段宜采用深孔技术进行松动爆破。2路基石方特点21工程数量大，占路基土石方工程数量比例也大。个别路段每公里可高达十多万立方米，占路段土石方总量的95以上，占整段公路投资的65以上。有必要进行爆破施工和机械化作业。22石方工程相对集中。有利于大爆破施工和机械化作业。23地形地质相对复杂，地形缓陡连续或相间、地势迂回曲折；地质岩石也可能呈现为软石、次坚石、坚石连续或相间。需要采用各种爆破技术综合爆破，且装运推机械进场有一定困难。3公路石方路基施工探讨通常将边坡高度等于或大于20m
10、的石质路堑称为深挖石方路堑。其挖深较大、石方集中、地形复杂、施工难度大。公路部门传统石方机械化水平较底，爆破施工队伍技术力量较薄弱，同时受地形和地质条件制约，深挖石方路堑施工方法主要是采用浅眼爆破、药壶炮、猫洞炮和普通洞室炮爆破进行。存在以下缺点。31浅眼爆破、药壶炮、猫洞炮等小炮开挖方法因受岩石地质条件、机械清方等因素影响较大，爆破工效低，施工速度慢，同时在地质条件不好的情况下未必能形成高大而美观的岩石边坡；32普通洞室爆破因其技术含量低，对岩石边坡、周围环境都会产生较大的破坏；33加大凿岩设备投入、克服地形条件制约，在深挖石方路堑的施工中尽量使用中深孔爆破，确保快速、优质的工程效果，这一做
11、法目前尚未达成共识。因此，采用控制爆破技术，改变人们落后的爆破施工意识，探讨深挖石 方路堑的快速优质施工技术，是山区高等级公路施工中亟待解决的问题。根据多边界爆破理论近年来在209国道和318国道恩施州改建工程、西安兰（田）小（墒塬）二气专用公路新建公路工程的实践（图2为深孔爆破用于深挖石方路堑）及其它工程应用来看，推广和应用石方爆破施工的快速施工方法，能加快石方施工进度并能确保山区高等级高岩石边坡的稳定和美观。图2深孔爆破用于深挖石方路堑示意（1）正确确定周边炮眼的位置、方向、深度、角度，并选用低密度、低爆速和高体积威力的炸药，是保证光面爆破成功和增强爆破效果的关键。（2）采用预留边坡保护层
12、、分集或分条分层布置药包、松动或抛坍洞室控制爆破进行路堑主体方量开挖，然后至坡顶向下用挖掘机配合浅眼爆破进行刷坡和清方，能适用于各种复杂地形条件的深挖石方路堑开挖，且成本低廉。（3）采用预裂洞室控制爆破相结合的方法进行深路堑石方深孔爆破或松动爆破方快速开挖，然后用挖掘机、推土机、装载机配合自卸气车联合清方，效果更为显著。（4）利用有利地形进行定向爆破、抛坍（掷）业，对具有一定岩石厚度边坡路堑具有显著效果。4结语公路石方爆破施工是一项技术含量高的综合性工作，必须提高认识，根据路段地形地质、施工机具及工程整体安排等条件进行合理设计和组织施工，对加快工程进度、保证工程质量和施工安全都具有重要的意义。
13、因此，根据工程实践总结积累经验，推广新的爆破技术和施工方法是山区高等级公路修建的一项重要任务。参考文献1王鸿渠，多边界石方爆破工程M北京：人民交通出版社，1994，1221892方左英路基工程M北京：人民交通出版社，1990，2022263孙国富，冯马必，田墨林等山区高等级公路石方爆破施工技术研究J北京工业大学学报，2001，1organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the
14、 organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group
15、(work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Par
16、ty Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activiti
17、es. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leaders
18、hip selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conve
19、rsation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of educati
20、on and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth Leagu
21、e cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusin
22、g on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of th
23、e village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratic
24、ally elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set o
25、f measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending wor
26、k in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Ban
27、k XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course
28、, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of train
29、ing to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standar
30、dization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in
31、 recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with th
32、e feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Commu
33、nist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource develop
34、ment.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the
35、 tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots ca
36、rry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Comm
37、unist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee
38、 implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementat
39、ion of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideol
40、ogical work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientifi
41、c Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the stu
42、dy and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scie
43、ntific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishm
44、ent and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Developme
45、nt with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, gras
46、p the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a
47、 powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, activ