1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The new media law that has sparked a furor in the country requires all broadcast and digital media to provide “balanced coverage” and is seen by critics as an attempt to （ ）the press.问题1选项A.muzzleB.underpinC.sidestepD.reassure【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。muzzle “使缄默，封锁.的
2、言论”；underpin “巩固，支持”；sidestep “回避”；reassure “使安心”。句意：在全国引起了轩然大波的新媒体法，要求所有广播和数字媒体提供均衡的报道，被评论家认为有可能带来言论受限等结果。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Early research on attitudes assumed that they were casually related to behavior; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Common sense, too, suggests a relations
3、hip. Isnt it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in the late 1960s, this assumed effect of attitudes on behavior was challenged by a review of the research. One researcherLeon Festingerargued that attitud
4、es follow behavior. Did you ever notice how people change what they say. so it doesnt contradict what they do? Perhaps a friend of yours has consistently argued that the quality of US cars isnt up to that of imports and that hed never own anything but a Japanese or German car. But his dad gives him
5、a late-model Ford Mustang, and suddenly US cars arent so bad. Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between beha
6、vior and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. They will seek a stable state, in which there is a minimum of dissonance. Research has generally concluded that people seek cons
7、istency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy. Tobacco executives provide an example. How you might wonder do these people cope with the ongoing barrag
8、e of data linking cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes? They can deny that any clear causation between smoking and cancer, for instance, has been established. They can brainwash themselves by continually articulating the benefits of tobacco. They can acknowledge the negative consequences o
9、f smoking, but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the research evidence and begin actively working to make less dangerous cigarettes or at least reduce their availability to more vulnerable groups, such as teenagers
10、 Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you “fudge” the numbers a bit every year and hope youre not audited. Or you tell your children to floss their teeth eve
11、ry day, but you dont. So how do people cope? Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on the importance of the elements creating it and the degree of influence the individual believes he has over the elements; individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when t
12、he attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control. A third factor is the rewards of dissonance; high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance because they allow us to easily rationali
13、ze it. 1.The purpose of mentioning the TV programs people watch in the first paragraph is to show （ ）.2.Which of the following cases can illustrate “dissonance”？3.People seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior by doing many things EXCEPT by （ ）.4.The aut
14、hor wants to tell us （ ）by giving the example of tobacco executives.5.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?问题1选项A.that people hold different attitudes toward different TV programsB.that peoples attitudes determine their behaviorsC.that peoples behaviors determine
15、 their attitudesD.that there exists a reversible relationship between peoples attitudes and their behaviors问题2选项A.Employees try to avoid assignments they find distastefi.il.B.A young man like Japanese cars, but his father buys him a US car.C.You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong.D.You t
16、ell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont.问题3选项A.altering their attitudesB.altering their behaviorC.developing the rational discrepancyD.rationalizing the discrepancy问题4选项A.why so many people quit their jobsB.how people reduce the dissonanceC.how peoples attitudes determine thei
17、r behaviorD.why peoples attitudes are inconsistent with their behavior问题5选项A.High rewards decrease peoples desire to reduce the dissonance.B.High rewards prompt people to reduce the dissonance.C.If people believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control, the dissonance can be avoided
18、D.People are likely to get higher rewards, if they can rationalize their behavior【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the attitudes people hold determine what they do.”，可知作者的提出的一个观点是人们的态度决定了他们的行为。所以可推断接下来的例子都是用来进一步证明这个观点。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Festinger argued that these cases of attit
19、ude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.”，可知认知失调是指个体在两种或两种以上的态度之间或行为与态度之间所感知到的任何不一致。可推断dissonance涉及到不一致的问题。所以告诉孩子用牙线但自己却不用，就体
20、现了这种认知的不一致。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句，“They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy.”，可知他们会通过改变态度，或者改变行为，或者为这种差异找合理的解释来解决不一致的问题。所以C项“发展合理化的不一致”文章没有提及。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。文章第三段首先提到了人们解决不一致性问题的方法，下文举出了烟草公司高管的例子，可推断作者用实例来进一步说明人们减少不一致性的具体
21、方法。选项B符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance”，可知高回报伴随着高失调，减少不一致的内在张力。所以高回报是可以降低人们减少不一致的欲望。选项A符合题意。同时可排除B选项。根据文章最后一段，“individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or
22、 when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control.”，可知当态度或行为很重要，或者当他们认为这种不一致是由他们能够控制的事情造成时，个人会更有动力去减少这种不协调。可排除C选项。D选项提到如果人们能使自己的行为合理化，他们就有可能获得更高的回报，在文中并未提及。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题He has a wonderful brain, despotic, violent, and inexhaustible, meant for a soldier, by what chance conv
23、erted to letters, （ ） there is not a style nor a tint not known to him, yet with an English appetite for action and heroes.问题1选项A.XB.in whichC.from whichD.for which【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知考查非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句中关系词不能省，选项A可排除。又因为先行词为letters，固定短语in letters “在信件中”，选项B符合题意。4. 单选题Tandja also dissolved the par
24、liament and awarded himself some powers to rule by decree （ ） the countrys constitution.问题1选项A.contrast withB.contrary toC.contradictory inD.contempt of【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。contrary to “与相反”。句意：Tandja还解散了议会，并通过一些违反国家宪法的统治来授予自己一些统治权力。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题The nutrition of a common-wealth （ ） the plenty, and distrib
25、ution of materials conducing to life.问题1选项A.consists ofB.consists inC.is consistent withD.is composed of【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。consists of“由.组成”；consists in“存在于.”；is consistent with“与.一致”；is composed of“由.组成”。句意：共同财富的好处在于有益于生活的物质的丰富性和物质分配。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The Malaysian government announced in a written statemen
26、t last week that the policy to restructure society （ ）in 1970 would come to an end by the end of the year.问题1选项A.to formulateB.to be formulatedC.as formulatedD.so as to formulate【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格为后置定语，修饰前面的policy，和policy之间存在被动关系，所以选项A和D可排除。to be formulated“将要被制定”，as formulated“已经被制定的”。句意：马来西亚政府上周
27、以书面形式宣布：1970年已经制定的调整社会的政策将于今年年底停止。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题That public figure was really （ ） for saying those things in public, even though people can understand him and see his point of view on the matter.问题1选项A.behind the linesB.out of lineC.off the lineD.in his line【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。behind the lines “在后方；绳子的背后”
28、out of line “不协调，违规”，off the line “打完电话”，没有搭配in his line。句意：那位公众人物在公共场合说那些话真是不合规矩，尽管人们能理解他，也能看到他对这件事情的看法。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题We are in the midst of a great investigation of those environmental questions. We do the Earth and ourselves the greatest （ ） in imagining that addressing them lies outside our liv
29、es and choices.问题1选项A.gratitudeB.benefitsC.disserviceD.favor【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。gratitude“感激”；benefits“利益，好处”；disservice“伤害，帮倒忙”；favor“喜爱，赞赏”。句意：我们正在对那些环境问题展开全面的调查。我们想到地球，确实会发现我们对它和环境带来了巨大的伤害。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Many an institution has been set up to try and make sense of the inscrutable nature of us human be
30、ings, and although （ ）, it is only instrumental in showing how little we really understand.问题1选项A.an inroad has been set upB.the inroad has been set upC.an inroad has been madeD.inroads have been made【答案】C【解析】固定搭配和语法题。根据后面主句中的it可判断although引导的让步状语从句中主语应该为名词单数，所以选项D可排除。又根据固定搭配make an inroad “取得进展”。选项C
31、符合题意。10. 单选题A landscape architect must be familiar with mathematics, science, engineering, art, and technology. He must also be （ ） at dealing with politicians, public interest groups and government agencies.问题1选项A.enthusiasticB.reluctantC.adaptD.adept【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。be enthusiastic about“热衷于.”；be rel
32、uctant to“不情愿.”；adapt“使适应，改编”；adept“熟练的，擅长.”。句意：景观设计师必须熟悉数学、科学、工程、艺术和技术。他还必须擅长应付政治家、公共利益团体和政府机关。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题If a union decided to repudiate a strike, it had to write to all its members taking part in the strike to tell them that the union would give no support, and （ ） they risked dismissal witho
33、ut compensation （ ）the strike continued.问题1选项A.that. whenB.what.ifC.why. whenD.that. if【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据题意，可知第一个空格需填入一个引导词，和and前一句中的that从句构成并列关系，作动词tell的宾语，所以填入that引导宾语从句，选项B和C可排除。第二空格引导的从句是前面主句的条件，句意：如果罢工继续下去，他们有被解雇而得不到补偿的风险。选项D符合题意。12. 单选题Today in the techno-societies there is an almost ironclad con
34、sensus about the future of freedom. Maximum individual choice is regarded as the democratic ideal. Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal. They conjure up a dark vision of the future, in which people appear as mindless consumer creatures, surrounded by standa
35、rdized goods, educated in standardized schools, fed a diet of standardized mass culture, and forced to adopt standardized styles of life.Such predictions have spawned a generation of future haters and technophobes, as one might expect. One of the most extreme of there is a French religious mystic, J
36、acques Ellul, whose books are enjoying a campus vogue. According to Ellul, man was far freer in the past when “Choice was a real possibility for him.” By contrast, today, the human being is “no longer in any sense the agent of choice.” And, as for tomorrow, “In the future, man will apparently be con
37、fined to the role of a recording device.” Robbed of choice, he will be acted upon, not active. He will live, Ellul warns, in a totalitarian state run by a velvet-gloved Gestapo.This same theme-the loss of choice -runs through much of the work of Arnold Toynbee. It is repeated by everyone from hippie
38、 gurus to Supreme Court justices, tabloid editorialists and existentialist philosophers. Put in its simplest form, the theory of Vanishing Choice rests on a crude syllogism: science and technology have fostered standardization. Science and technology will advance, making the future even more standar
39、dized than the present. Ergo, man will progressively lose his freedom of choice.If instead of blindly accepting this syllogism, we stop to analyze it, however, we make an extraordinary discovery. For not only is the logic itself faulty, the entire idea is premised on sheer factual ignorance about th
40、e nature, the meaning and the direction of the super-industrial revolution.Certainly, it would be difficult to deny that industrialism has had a leveling effect. Our ability to produce millions of nearly identical units it the growing achievement of the industrial age. Thus, when intellectuals bewai
41、l the sameness of our material goods, they accurately reflect the state of affairs of under-industrialism.In the same breath, however, they reveal shocking ignorance about the character of super-industrialism. Focused on what society was, they are blinded to what it is fast becoming, for the society
42、 of the future will offer not a restricted, standardized flow of goods, but the greatest variety of unstandardized goods and services any society has ever seen. We are moving got towards a further extension of material standardization, but towards its dialectical negation.The end of standardization
43、is already in sight. However, the pace varies from industry to industry, and from country to country.1.The predictions about the future made by many writers, in the authors opinion, are （ ）.2.The author gives the works of Jacques Ellul and Arnold Toynbee as examples to prove that （ ）.3.By saying “In
44、 the future, man will apparently be confined to the role of a recording device” (Paragraph 2), Ellul implies that he (man) （ ）.4.The authors attitude toward intellectuals in Paragraph 5 and 6 is one of （ ）.5.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?问题1选项A.pessimisticB.optimisticC.plea
45、singD.reasonable问题2选项A.a generation of future will become haters and technophobesB.science and technology will certainly advanceC.man will gradually lose his freedom of choiceD.science and technology will make the future more standardized问题3选项A.will record what other people say and then follow themB
46、will imitate other people when he takes actionsC.can do whatever he wishesD.can do nothing but follow others问题4选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题5选项A.People in the future will eventually lose all of their freedom.B.The society of the future will become
47、 more standardized.C.Standardization will take a predominant position in the society of the future.D.The society of the future will have a dialectical effect of both standardization and unstandardization.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal. They conjure up a dark vision of the future”，可知大多数作家预测
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