1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Since the end of the war, a semblance of （ ）has gradually returned with people going to work and shops reopening.问题1选项A.normalizationB.normC.normativeD.normality【答案】D【解析】语法和形近词辨析。根据a semblance of可知，空格应该填入一个名词，所以选项C可排除。normalization “正常化；正规化”，norm “标准，规范”； no
2、rmality “常态”。句意：自从战争结束以来，随着人们去上班和一些商店的重新开张，表面上渐渐地恢复了正常状态。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Many people who are otherwise committed to low-carbon life-styles will （ ） from participating in an action that might involve significant levels of police harassment or even violence.问题1选项A.take offB.be taken offC.put offD.be put
3、 off【答案】A【解析】固定搭配和语法题。take off “离开，起飞”；put off “脱下”。句意：许多坚持低碳生活的人将拒绝参加那些大量警察干预甚至暴力的行动。所以是主动从这些活动中离开，不参加。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题As a general rule, private individuals are free to refuse to buy goods or services from a business （ ） that the business has trading links with a country which is under the control o
4、f a government of which they disapprove.问题1选项A.on the groundB.on the groundsC.for the groundD.for the grounds【答案】B【解析】介词词组辨析。on the ground“在地上，在决斗”；on the grounds“由于.的原因”；for不能和ground搭配，所以排除C和D项。句意：一般来说，个人可以自由地拒绝从一个企业购买商品或者服务，原因是该企业与他们不赞成的政府控制的国家有贸易联系。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题It （ ）how unleashing domestic dema
5、nd in surplus countries can support strong global growth as deficit countries increase savings and repair balance sheets damaged by the crisis.问题1选项A.sets onB.sets inC.sets overD.sets out【答案】D【解析】词组辨析。set.on “使袭击”；set in “到来；开始”；set over “置于上，指派管理，移交”；set out “出发，开始，陈述”。句意：它阐述了在赤字国家增加储蓄、修复因危机而受损的资产负
6、债表之际，盈余国家释放内需如何支撑强劲的全球增长。选项D符合题意。5. 翻译题The great work of Gibbon is indispensable to the student of history. The literature of Europe offers no substitute for The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. It has obtained undisputed possession, as rightful occupant, of the vast period which it comprehends
7、 However some subjects, which it embraces, may have undergone more complete investigate, on, on the general view of the whole period, this history is the sole undisputed authority to which all defer, and from which few appeal to the original writers, or to more modern compilers. The inherent intere
8、st of the subject, the inexhaustible labor employed upon it; the immense condensation of matter; the luminous arrangement; the general accuracy;the style, which is throughout vigorous, animated, often, picturesque always commands attention-describes with singular breadth and fidelity, and generalize
9、s with unrivalled felicity of expression: all these high qualifications have secured, and seem likely to secure, its permanent place in historic literature.This vast design of Gibbon, the magnificent whole into which he has cast the decay and ruin of the ancient civilization, the formation and birth
10、 of the new order of things, will of itself, independent of the laborious execution of his immense plan render The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire an unapproachable subject to the future historian.This extent and harmony of design is unquestionably that which distinguishes the work of Gibbon fr
11、om all other great historical compositions. He has first bridged the abyss between ancient and modem times, and connected together the two great worlds of history.The great advantage which the classical historians possess over those of modern times is in unity, of plan, of course greatly facilitated
12、 by the narrower sphere to which their researches were confined.Except Herodotus, the great historians of Greece we exclude the more modem compilers, like Diodorus Siculus limited themselves to a single period, or at least to the contracted sphere of Grecian affairs. Natural unity confined their nar
13、rative almost to chronological order, the episodes were of rare occurrence and extremely brief.To the Roman historians the course was equally clear and defined. Rome was their centre of unity; and the uniformity with which the circle of the Roman dominion spread around, the regularity with which the
14、ir civil polity expanded, forced, as it were, upon the Roman historian that plan which Polybius announces as the subject of his history, the means and the manner by which the whole world became subject to the Roman sway. How different the complicated politics of the European kingdoms!Every national
15、history, to be complete, must, in a certain sense, be the history of Europe; there is no knowing to how remote a quarter it may be necessary to trace our most domestic events; from a country, however apparently disconnected, may originate the impulse which gives its direction to the whole course of
16、affairs.【答案】欧洲的文献无法替代罗马帝国衰亡史的作品。在过去的很长时间里。它都处于主导地位。然而，它所包含的一些主题还需要经历更加完善的研究调查。从整体上来看，该书具有无可争议的权威性，无论是对于随后的历史编写者还是现代的编写者。这种风格充满活力、生气勃勃并且极具吸引力。这种风格用独特的视觉和保真度进行描述，并以无与伦比的表达来进行归纳概括。这部伟大的著作对罗马古文明的腐化、衰亡及新秩序的诞生的描写体现了这本著作的伟大思想精华。从它的构思来看，罗马帝国衰亡史使以后的历史学家望尘莫及的，更不用说以后实行撰写计划的创作了。那个曾经侵略和压迫过整个世界的最非凡的统治逐渐衰弱必须引起人们的注
17、意和兴趣，人们不能漠然地看待那些难以忘怀的时代。这种设计的广度和协调性是值得肯定的，这将吉本的作品与其他伟大的历史作品区分开来。古典历史学家与现代历史学家相比，最大的优势在于整体性，当然，由于他们的研究范围较窄，这有利于促进研究。顺乎自然的统一性把他们都倾向于用时间顺序记录历史，情节很少，而且极其简短。每一部完整的民族史，在某种意义上，就是欧洲的历史。我们无从知道要追溯我们国内的历史事件有多遥远。6. 单选题Modem persuasion advertising blossomed as a function of markets that were less competitive by
18、economists standards, and are generally referred to as oligopolies. These are markets where a handful of firms dominate output or sales in the industry, and where they have sufficient market power that they can set the price at which their product sells. The key to an oligopoly is that it is very di
19、fficult for newcomers to enter the market, no matter how profitable it may be, because of the power of the existing players. Under oligopoly there is strong disincentive to engage in price warfare to expand ones market share, because all the main players are large enough to survive a price war and a
20、ll it would do is shrink the size of the industry revenue pie that the firms are fighting over. Indeed, the price in an oligopolistic industry will tend to gravitate toward what it would be in a pure monopoly so the contenders are fighting for slices of the largest possible revenue pie. At first blu
21、sh, this is a pretty accurate picture of the U.S. economy of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The economy has become far more monopolistic over the past thirty years. It is also a good way, though by no means the only way, to understand the emergence and dominance of advertising. Although f
22、irms are not in what economists term competitive markets, they are most definitely engaged in monopolistic competition with each other to maximize their profits. Advertising emerges front and center as a major way to increase market share without engaging in destructive profit-damaging price competi
23、tion. The election realm, is similar to the economy in that it tends to be a duopoly in general elections, meaning there are usually only two options that could conceivably win, and, as in an oligopoly, these duopolists have used their market powerin this case control over election laws-to make it a
24、ll but impossible for a third party to successfully establish itself as a legitimate contender. Even primary elections are almost always a matter of no more than two or three viable entrants except in a very small number of races. In economic theory this leads to an interesting conclusion: as J. Sch
25、or has put it, the smart play for a firm in a duopoly is to act like the other firm, not to differentiate itself. Macpherson was among the first to understand modem electoral politics-the two-party system-in terms of oligopolistic and duopolistic market practices. “Where there are so few sellers, Ma
26、cpherson wrote concerning political parties, they need not and do not respond to buyers demands as they must do in a fully competitive system. This means that the parties, like oligopolistic firms, can create the demand for political goods and largely dictate the demand schedule for political goods.
27、 In Macphersons argument, a duopolistic party system in a modem capitalist society like the United States will tend to gravitate to providing a competition between elites, which are the driving force and ”formulate the issues. The basics in the political economy are agreed upon by the two parties an
28、d off the table for public debate or discussion. In Macphersons view, the two-party system was ideal for the production of citizen apathy and de-politicization and for the maintenance of elite rule; i.e. what would be called a “weak democracy”.1.With what theme is the passage mainly concerned?2.The
29、authors purpose in writing paragraph 1 and 2 is to （ ）.3.What does the phrase “front and center” in paragraph 2 mean?4.The highlighted sentence “The basics . or discussion” in the last paragraph most probably implies that （ ）.5.What is the author likely to talk about in the paragraph following this
30、passage?问题1选项A.Political Advertising.B.Oligopoly Market.C.Weak Democracy.D.Modem Electoral Politics.问题2选项A.state why political advertising appeared in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in America.B.emphasize that it is a real picture of the U.S. economy of the twentieth and twenty-first centu
31、ries.C.state that the situation in American election realm is the same as the one in its economic realm.D.explain that the oligopoly market economy has a special function in the U.S. economic realm.问题3选项A.In front.B.At the forefront.C.In the center.D.In the middle.问题4选项A.The two parties would discus
32、s the basics in the political economy in secret.B.The two parties would discuss the basics in the political economy in public.C.The two parties would not ask the public to discuss the basics in the political economy.D.The two parties have the same idea about the basics in the political economy so th
33、ey would not discuss them anymore.问题5选项A.He is likely to analyze the issues formulated by a duopolistic party system in theUnited States.B.He is likely to explain American citizen apathy and depoliticization in detail.C.He is likely to give some supporting evidence of a weak democracy.D.He is likely
34、 to provide some examples of a competition between elites【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨题。纵观全文，文章前半部分主要提到了与经济相关的规律，垄断经济形势对经济带来了重大影响。文章后半部分将垄断经济层面延伸至政治层面，提出在政治选举中也出现了相似的垄断统治规律，这样的民主实际上不是真正的民主。所以，本文主要围绕现代社会的选举政治这个话题展开的。选项D符合题意。2.推断题。文章一二段主要提到了在经济层面出现的一种垄断经济现象，导致供不应求。根据文章第三段， “The election realm,
35、 is similar to the economy in that it tends to be a duopoly in general elections”，可知选举领域和经济领域类似，在选举中往往是双头垄断。可推断出一二段提到的经济现象主要是为了引出政治层面存在的政治垄断现象。选项C符合题意。3.词义理解题。In front “在前面”； At the forefront “最前沿”； In the center “在中央，表具体位置”； In the middle “在中间，表具体位置”。句意：广告作为一种增加市场份额的主要方式出现在市场的前端，不从事破坏性的、损益性的价格竞争。选项
36、B符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段， “The basics in the political economy are agreed upon by the two parties and off the table for public debate or discussion.”，可知政治经济学的基础是两党一致同意的，不公开辩论或讨论。这里是说两党在政治方面垄断，因此并不是说他们对于政治经济基础有一致观点，而是完全由他们议定，不让公众或其他党派插手。因此C选项符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一段， “what would be called a weak democracy”，可知
37、在文章末尾出现了Macpherson关于weak democracy的观点，可推断出，在接下来的文段中，可能会进一步对weak democracy进行讨论。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题European officials, though, have already warned they will retaliate by boosting tariffs on US goods,（ ） a row that has lasted six years and （ ） agreement in the GATT international trade talks involving 108 co
38、untries.问题1选项A.escalating . blockingB.to escalate . to blockC.escalating . blockedD.escalated . blocking【答案】A【解析】语法题。根据题目的句子结构，可知两个空格中均填入-ing分词作状语，表伴随。escalating “逐步上升”；blocking “阻碍”。句意：不过，欧洲官员已警告称，他们将提高对美国商品的关税作为报复，使持续6年的争端不断升级，并阻碍了有关于108个国家的关贸总协定国际贸易谈判达成协议。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题Early research on attitudes
39、 assumed that they were casually related to behavior; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Common sense, too, suggests a relationship. Isnt it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in
40、the late 1960s, this assumed effect of attitudes on behavior was challenged by a review of the research. One researcherLeon Festingerargued that attitudes follow behavior. Did you ever notice how people change what they say. so it doesnt contradict what they do? Perhaps a friend of yours has consist
41、ently argued that the quality of US cars isnt up to that of imports and that hed never own anything but a Japanese or German car. But his dad gives him a late-model Ford Mustang, and suddenly US cars arent so bad. Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effect
42、s of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and,
43、 hence, the discomfort. They will seek a stable state, in which there is a minimum of dissonance. Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by de
44、veloping a rationalization for the discrepancy. Tobacco executives provide an example. How you might wonder do these people cope with the ongoing barrage of data linking cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes? They can deny that any clear causation between smoking and cancer, for instance, h
45、as been established. They can brainwash themselves by continually articulating the benefits of tobacco. They can acknowledge the negative consequences of smoking, but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the research
46、evidence and begin actively working to make less dangerous cigarettes or at least reduce their availability to more vulnerable groups, such as teenagers. Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know that cheating
47、on your income tax is wrong, but you “fudge” the numbers a bit every year and hope youre not audited. Or you tell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont. So how do people cope? Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on the importance of the elements
48、creating it and the degree of influence the individual believes he has over the elements; individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control. A third factor is the rewards of dissonance; high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inheren
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