《翻译中的句子组合.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《翻译中的句子组合.ppt（58页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、1,翻译中的句子组合 (1),张干周,参见TEXTBOOK 第9、10章,2,CONTENTS,Students Presentation Warm-up Exercises 翻译中的句子组合(Restructuring) Exercises in Class Homework,3,学生课堂演示,(For 15 Minutes),4,Analysis of Students Presentation,1. 接着他们用绳子五花大绑，把他捆得像个粽子似的，又是一阵拳打脚踢。 2. 这人原先胆子小，干啥也是脚踩两只船。,1. They gave him a good cuff and kick, t
2、russed him up like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him again.,2. This man had formerly been a coward, a fence-sitter.,5,Analysis of Students Presentation,This abrupt question to Wu Jingtang by surprise made him realize that the girl was a young bird just able to fly.,3. 她忽然提出了这么个问题，使余敬
3、唐吃了一惊。立刻看出这姑娘还是个刚离娘窝的“雏儿”。,6,Analysis of Students Presentation,4. Her eyes were swollen; her face was bathed in tears. 5. Ive been slaving all these years just to make money for them.,4. 只见他两个眼睛肿的桃儿一般，满面泪光。 5. 我半个世纪的辛苦，全是替他们做牛马！,7,Analysis of Students Presentation,Others are conceited; having picked
4、 up some book phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and the great majority of the working peasants.,6. 还有一些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了，可是一遇风浪，他们的立场，比起工人和大多数劳动农民来，就显得大不相同。毛泽东选集,8,Analysis of
5、Students Presentation,7. Now if death be of such a nature, I say that to die is gain; for eternity is then only a single night. 8. Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business.,7. 如果这就是死亡的本质，那么死亡真是一种得益，因为这样看来，永恒不过是一夜。 8. 身居要位者
6、皆为三重仆人：元首或国家的仆人，声名的仆人和公务的仆人。,9,Analysis of Students Presentation,9. When does the baker follow his trade? Whenever he kneads the dough. 10. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.,9. - 面包师傅什么时候营业？ - 每当他揉面的时候。 10. 大使是一个为了本国利益而在国外说谎的诚实的人。,10,Analysis of Students Pre
7、sentation,11. Give me liberty, or give me death. 12. When she heard that she was fired, she said angrily, “Thats great!” 13. But on account of their good looks and charm they were nicknamed Sweetie and Lovely. (杨宪益、戴乃迪译),11. 不自由, 毋宁死。 12. 当她听说自己被解雇了，她生气地说：“好极了！” 13. 只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉
8、爱”。 （曹雪芹红楼梦）,11,Warm-up Exercises,12,1.当大部分人都在关注你飞得高不高时，只有少部分人在关注你飞得累不累，这就是友情。 2.老板用你的时候你就是人才，不用你的时候就变成裁人。 3.一个成功的男人就是能够赚到比妻子花的钱更多的钱，一个成功的女人就是能够找到这样一个男人。 4论阶级你是白领；论能力你是骨干；论才华你是精英，所以我们都称赞你是白骨精。,13,1.当大部分人都在关注你飞得高不高时，只有少部分人在关注你飞得累不累，这就是友情。 2.老板用你的时候你就是人才，不用你的时候就变成裁人。 1. When most people keep their eye
9、s on the height that you can fly, only a few are concerned about whether you are tired or not. This is friend-ship. 2. You are genius only when hired, otherwise, you will be fired.,14,3.一个成功的男人就是能够赚到比妻子花的钱更多的钱，一个成功的女人就是能够找到这样一个男人。 4论阶级你是白领；论能力你是骨干；论才华你是精英，所以我们都称赞你是白骨精。 3. He who can make more money
10、than his wife may spend is a successful man. She who can find such a man is a successful woman. 4In terms of class, you are a white collar; In terms of competence, you are the backbone; In terms of talent, you are an elite, so we all call you White Cobotelite (Bones of the Dead).,15,翻译中的句子组合,张干周,参见T
11、EXTBOOK 第9、10章,16,CONTENTS,1.1 英汉语言差异 1.2 英汉句子结构对比 1.3 汉译英时主语的处理 1.4 句群内衔接与连贯,17,英汉语言差异,18,意合与形合 英语名词化 汉语动词化,19,意合与形合,20,意合与形合 意合，是指句子的连接使用的是语义手段，句子成分的结合靠的是语义的贯通，语法意义和逻辑关系隐含在字里行间，既所谓的以神笼形。形合，是指句子的连接使用的是语言形式手段，既借助句法和词汇手段，以表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 汉语句子结构是典型的意合型，而英语句子则是典型的形合型。,21,汉语句子则以时间的先后顺序，事理推移为准，用连动句、流水句表明各句间
12、的关系。汉语很少或几乎不用关系词和连接词。所以， 英译汉时要先分析句子的结构、形式，以确定句子的功能、意义； 汉译英时，则要先分析句子的功能、意义，在确定其结构、形式。,22,小女孩的外婆送给她一顶红帽子，她走到哪儿都带着它，于是人们就叫她小红帽。 Then little girls grandmother sent her a red hat, which she wore wherever she went. Hence, she was called Little Red Hat. 2. 必须采取措施，改善投资环境，切实制止对企业乱摊乱排、乱收费的错误做法。Measures to imp
13、rove investment environment must be taken, and, above all, to check improper practices, such as burdening enterprises with extra expenses and collecting unreasonable fees from them.,23,3. 所有的美国人都被谆谆教导长大后要向“金钱与权力”看齐，而我却舍弃了明明是通往此的一步，这使他大为不解。 He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a step
14、 toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.,24,4. 她坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。 She sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.,25,5. 科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别，这种差别就跟一个面包师或者卖肉者和一个化验师在操作
15、方法上的差别一样。前者用普通的秤称东西的重量，而后者则用天平和精密的砝码进行艰难复杂的分析，其差别不过如此而已。 There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weigh ou
16、t his goods in common scales and the operations of the chemist who performs the difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights.,26,6. 形势逼人，不进则退。Given to this pressing situation, we must move forward, or we will fall behind. 7. 我曾多次看见他画小鸡，毛茸茸，很可爱；也见过他画的鱼鹰，水是绿的，钻进水
17、里的，很生动。 On several occasions I watched him paint fluffy little chickens and vivid cormorants with their heads in clear green water.,27,英语的名词化,28,英语的名词化 名词化，即用名词表达原来属于动词所表达的概念，是英语常见的现象。如用抽象名词表达动作、行为变化、状态、品质、情感等概念，使得表达简洁、准确。,29,汉语的动词化 汉语主题突出，动态感强，句子中多用动词。如： “小草偷偷地从土地里钻出来，嫩嫩的，绿绿的。园子里，田野里，瞧去，一大片一大片满是的。坐
18、着，躺着，打两个滚，踢几脚球，赛几趟跑，捉几回迷藏。风轻悄悄的，草软绵绵的。” 朱自清 春,30,1. 整个城市披上了节日盛装。 2. 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查的病人，因此病人很快就康复。 3. 工程设计是为发展人类所需工程而作决定的过程。 1. The whole city is in holiday array. 2. The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 3. Engin
19、eering design is a decision- making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human need.,Example,31,绿草萋萋，白云飘飘，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。 It was the day as fresh as grass growing and clouds going over and butterflies co
20、ming down can make it. It was the day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.,文学作品中，也常见用静态名词表达动态概念，所谓“寓静与动”，更可以体现出其中的结构、均衡及节奏之美。,32,英汉句子结构对比,33,在翻译实践中，常常
21、会发现翻译句子时，虽然每个单词或词组似乎都已经理解了，但译文在整体上总是觉得不顺畅或不地道。这主要是因为汉英语言间的差异不仅表现在词汇上，更显著地体现在句子层面。 句子结构上的差异表现在： 1）英语主语突出，汉语主题突出； 2）英语句式呈树式结构，主谓完整，汉语句子多三点透视，有许多无主句； 3）英语思维重视逻辑，句式严谨规范，缺乏弹性，汉语思维中语感，句子长短灵活；,34,英语句子通常是“主语 + 谓语”结构，而汉语句子通常是 “主题（即话题） + 述题（即围绕话题的信息）” 结构。所以，在翻译时，要进行句式结构的相互转换,给汉语的英译句子找一个合适的主语。如：,1. 思考容易，行动困难，要
22、把自己的思想化为行动是世界上最难的事。 Thinking is easy, acting is difficult, and putting ones thought into action is the most difficult in the world. 2. 充满希望的旅行比达到目的地更美妙。 To travel hopefully is better than to arrive.,35,3. 儿时所学，终生难忘。 What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 4. 心中自是的，便是愚昧人。凭智慧行事的，必蒙拯救。 W
23、hoever trusts his own heart is a fool. Whoever walks in wisdom will survive.,36,5. 他的学识我佩服，但他的人格我鄙视。 可转换翻译为： 1）His learning I admire, but his character I despise. 2) I admire his learning, but I despise his character. 6. 钱，他是有的；但房子，他却没有。 1）Money, he has; house, he has not. 2) He has money, but he do
24、es not have a house.,37,游手好闲的人最没有空闲。 再富有的人也买不回自己的过去。 可以做时而不想做的人，到了想做时便不能做了。 4. 人们谈论着消磨时间，与此同时，时间也在悄悄地侵蚀人们的生命。 5. 聪明的人只要能把握自己，便什么也不会失去。,1. Idle folks have the least leisure. 2. No man is rich enough to buy back his past. 3. He that will not when he may, shall not when he will. 4. Men talk of killing
25、time, while time quietly kills them. 5. A wise man never loses anything if he has himself.,Exercises in Class,38,汉译英时主语的处理,张干周,39,汉英语言中虽然都有主谓结构，但并不总是对应的。有时，汉语句子中的主语翻译成英语后，可能不再适合在英语句子中充当主语，这时就要放弃原来的主语，为英语译句寻找一个恰当的主语。,40,汉语是主题显著的语言，但并不否认汉语中也存在大量的主谓结构，所以在翻译具有完整主谓结构的汉语句子时，可以直接用汉语的主语充当英语译语句子的主语。如：,人们为宗教而
26、争吵，为宗教而写作，为宗教而战斗，为宗教而献身，但决不为宗教而活着。 。 【译文】 Men will wrangle for religion, write for it, fight for it, die for it; anything but live for it.,汉语的主语翻译成英语的主语,41,2. 经过整整一个未眠之夜，办公室里的所有人都显得苍白，眼睛下方都暴出了黑眼圈。 【译文】After the whole sleepless night, all of the people in the office were pale and had dark rings under
27、 their eyes. 3. 在自然状态下，底下水比地表水水质好，是城市居民理想的饮用水。 【译文】Groundwater, which in its natural state is more protected than surface water, is the preferred source of drinking water for cities.,42,汉英主谓结构并不总是对应。有时，汉语句子的主语译成英语后，可能不再适合充当英语句子的主语，这时，就要放弃原句中的主语，为译语寻找一个新的主语。如：,1. 只有犹太人受过一些医学教育，他们是在阿拉伯学会的。 【译文】The onl
28、y men with any medical education were the Jews; they studied in Arabia. 【译文回译汉语】惟一受过一些医学教育的人是犹太人，他们是在阿拉伯学会的。,翻译时改变原句的主语,43,2. 我四肢虚灵，与黑夜融为一体。 【译文】 All weight is lifted from my limbs; I am one with the night. 【译文回译汉语】所有的重量都被从我的四肢上提起来，我与黑夜融为一体了。,3. 故宫耗时14年，整个工程于1420年结束。 【译文】The construction of the Impe
29、rial Palace took 14 years, and was completed in 1420. 【译文回译汉语】故宫施工耗时14年，并于1420年完工。,44,汉语中的无主句，常常要为译语寻找一个恰当的主语，例如 it, that, what等。如：,1. 下大雨了。 【译文】Its raining heavily. 2. 真有这种事吗？ 【译文】Is that a true story? 3. 发生什么事了？ 【译文】Whats going on here? 4. 可以在车床上车削各种形状的罗纹。 【译文】It is possible to cut all thread form
30、s on a lathe.,汉语的无主句转换成英语的主谓结构,45,人们总是抱怨自己所处的环境。世间成功的人，都能去寻求自己所需要的环境，如果寻求不到，便会自己去创造这种环境。 正人先正己。 嘲者不会让人见笑。,汉译英时主语的处理-练习,People are always blaming their circumstances. The people who get on in this world are people who get up and look for the circumstances they want, and, if they cant find them, make
31、them. He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself. He that laughs at himself first is not laughed at.,46,句群内衔接与连贯,张干周,47,句群是一群句子的组合,是大于句子、小于段落的语法单位和表意单位。一个句群至少包含两个或两个 以上的句子，他们在语法上有结构关系，在语义上有逻辑关系，在语流中衔接连贯。如：, 傍晚时候，上灯了，一点点黄昏的光，烘托出一片安静而和平的夜。 在乡下，小路上，石桥边，有撑起伞慢慢走着的人，地里还有工作的农民，披着蓑戴着笠。 他们的房
32、屋，稀稀疏疏的，在雨里静默着。 （朱自清春）,注：上面这一句群中有三个句子组成。句和是单句，句是复句。,48,句群内的句子都是按照合理的、容易理解的逻辑关系连成一体。这些关系包括语法结构关系、语义逻辑逻辑关系，如并列、承接、递进、选择、转折、因果、假设条件、时间顺序等。 要理解原文的意义，就必须识别句群，找出句群中的句子之间的相互关系，否则就会造成译文的逻辑混乱，最终使译文无法忠实于原文。,49,雨后，院里来了个麻雀，刚长全了羽毛。它在院里跳，有时飞一下，不过是由地上飞到花盆沿上，或由花盆上飞下来。看它这么飞两三次，我看出来：它并不会飞得再高一些，它的左翅的几根长翎拧在一处，有一根特别的长，似
33、乎要脱落下来。我试着往前凑，它跳一跳，可是又停住，看着我，小黑豆眼带出点要亲近我又不完全信任的神气。 (老舍小麻雀),Example 1,50,As soon as the rain stops, a young sparrow, almost full-fledged, comes to the courtyard. It hops and flutters, up to the edge of a plant pot or back to the ground again. After it has fluttered up and down a couple of times, I re
34、alized that it can not fly any higher as the plumes on its left wing have got twisted, and one is sticking out as if about to come off any moment. When I make an attempt to move toward it, it hops off a bit and stops again, staring back at me with its small, black-bean-like eyes that have a mixed lo
35、ok of wanting to be friends with me but not sure that I am a friend. (By Liu Shicong ),Example 1 Translation,51,以上这段中文中，为了加强语气，句群内的某些词多次出现。如段中“飞”字，先后出现了五次，使句群内语义连贯，主题突出。但英语翻译往往要避免同义词语的反复出现，所以要采用同义词或近义词替换的方法，分别使用了 ” fluttered, move up and down, move toward it, it hops off fly” 等词或词组，准确表达了原文词语的含义，实现句群
36、的语义连贯。,Example 1 Analysis,52,笼里养着两只母鸡,一只爱唱,另一只喜静。主人根据母鸡下蛋之后报唱的现象,以为所有的但都是那只唱鸡产的.因此很偏爱它,捉得蟑螂也专是喂给它吃。但日子一久，秘密揭穿了：原来那只唱鸡下蛋很少，而不叫的那只却一天一个，且蛋刚落地就一声不响地离开鸡窝，由那只唱鸡在蛋边大喊大叫。,Example 2,53,There were two hens in coop（鸡笼）. One was fond of cackling while the other liked to keep quiet. As it is customary for a hen
37、 to cackle after laying an egg, the chicken raiser accordingly credited the cackler with all the eggs that had been laid. As a result, he became so partial to his favorite bird that he fed her with every cockroach he caught. With the passing of time, however, it became known that the cackler had in
38、fact laid very few eggs while the non-cackler kept laying one egg a day. Every time, as soon as the latter laid an egg, she quit the coop quietly, leaving the former standing by the newly-laid egg shouting and yelling her head off.,Example 2 Translation,54,上段中文中，第三句使用”因此”,表明前后的因果关系，紧接着用了”但、而“表示转折，用”
39、且“表示递进。这些连接词的使用，清楚地表明整个句群的逻辑层次和推进关系。译文按照原文的逻辑推进层次，使用了 ”As a result, however, while” 表示逻辑关系, 并增加了 as, as soon as 等词或词组表示先后时间关系，更加突出了句群的连贯性。,Example 2 Analysis,55,课堂练习,56,有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在
40、大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。,Exercise in Class,57,Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career. Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good l
41、istener, to be sensitive toward others needs, to take criticism well. People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes, and take their share of blame, which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error. Thats why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while peopl
42、e of great talent are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealings with others, they are well liked everywhere. People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism. When confronted with a mistake, they let their ego get in the way. They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as “prickly”. (Translated by Cai Jigang),Answer to the Exercise in Class,58,Homework,Download from Email Password: 200888,