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1、Pilot Training for Continued Operational Evaluation of Runway Status Lights (RWSL) at SAN 机组对圣迭哥跑道状态灯（RWSL） 持续运行评估培训,Jason Coon and Peter Hwoschinsky, FAA Maria Picardi Kuffner, MIT/LL,San Diego (SAN) Runway Status Lights (RWSL) 圣迭哥（SAN）跑道状态灯光系统（RWSL）,This work is sponsored by the Federal Aviation A
2、dministration under Air Force Contract #FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. 该项目由FAA依据空军合同# fa8721-05-c-0002.opinions承办，作者的解释，建议和结论是不一定得到由美国政府的认可。,Outline提纲,Runway Incurs
3、ion Problem 跑道侵入问题 Runway Status Lights (RWSL) Solution 跑道状态灯光解决方案 RWSL Operational Concept RWSL运行原理 RWSL Operational Requirements RWSL运行条件 RWSL Operational Evaluation at SAN 圣迭戈机场RWSL运行评估 Summary 总结,Definition of Runway Incursion 跑道侵入定义,“Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presen
4、ce of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.” “在机场发生的任何航空器、车辆或人员误入指定用于航空器着陆和起飞的地面保护区的情况。” Source: FAA Runway Safety Office 来源：FAA跑道安全办公室,Pilot deviations are the largest cause of runway incursions 机组违章是跑道侵入的最主要原因,Overvie
5、w of RWSL,Runway Status Lights Purpose 跑道状态灯光的作用 Reduce frequency and severity of runway incursions 减少跑道入侵事件的频率和严重程度 Prevent runway accidents 防止跑道事故发生 How do lights do this? By increasing pilots and vehicle operators situational awareness 怎样让灯光实现上述目的呢？通过增加飞行员和车辆驾驶员的情景意识。 Direct indication via runway
6、 entrance lights (RELs) that a runway is unsafe to enter or cross 通过跑道入口灯（RELS）直接显示进入或穿越跑道是不安全的,RWSL Operational Concept RWSL运行原理,REL Operational Requirements REL运行条件,RELs must not interfere with normal safe operations不能干扰正常的安全运行 RELs must operate automatically for each landing and departure必须为每次起降提
7、供自动运行 RELs must accurately depict runway is unsafe to enter/cross必须准确显示进入/穿越跑道不安全 Red if runway not safe 红色 跑道不安全时开启 Otherwise off (no illumination) 否则关闭（无照明）,Runway Guard Lights (yellow)跑道警戒灯,Runway Entrance Lights (red) 跑道（禁止）进入灯光（红色）,RWSL System Architecture,机场地面监测,多点转发器,Operational Evaluation at
8、 SAN SAN机场运行评估,RELs installed on RWY 09/27 North side: TXYs C1, C2, C6 South side: TXYs B1, B6, B10,Configuration of Runway Entrance Lights (RELs ),RELs are red when it is unsafe to enter the runway 当跑道不能安全进入时RELs红灯开启 Red RELs always aligned with taxiway centerlines and directed toward taxiway hold
9、line 红色RELs始终沿滑行道中线布置，灯光朝向跑道等待位置 Including one REL placed on runway centerline SAN taxiway centerlines are both straight and curved,Runway Entrance Lights Concept,RELS,New RELs,LAX,Existing RGLs,REL Logic,RELs turn ON when high-speed traffic exists or is predicted to be on the runway Departures turn
10、 on all RELs downfield during takeoff roll at or above a site adaptable speed parameter Arrivals turn on all RELs on the projected runway at a site adjustable distance parameter from the threshold (usually 3/4 nmi) All RELs turn OFF when: Departures are declared airborne by RWSL logic (usually 100)
11、Arrivals have landed and slowed to taxi speed (usually below 35 kts) RELs at specific intersections: Individual RELs turn off just prior to the intersection being cleared to reduce interference with ATC use of anticipated separation Individual RELs may be on at intersections just ahead of aircraft i
12、n landing roll-out,Protocol for Pilots Viewing Red RELs, When RELs illuminate red, the runway is unsafe to enter or cross and the pilots should stop immediately 当RELS照亮红色，跑道进入或交叉和飞行员不安全的应立即停止 When the lights are off, pilots/vehicle operators may not enter or cross the runway without ATC clearance 当灯
13、光暗下来时，驾驶员/车辆经营者不得进入或没有ATC清除交叉跑道 In some instances (anticipated separation), RELs may be illuminated while the clearance is being given, but should be turned off by the time the controller has finished issuing the clearance在某些情况下（预期的分离），关系可能被照亮而清除正在考虑，但应关闭时间由控制器发行完成,RELs indicate runway status only;
14、they do not indicate clearance!,关系表明，跑道状况只；他们并不表明间隙！,Proposed Phraseology,Flight crew members and air traffic controllers should follow these procedures with installed RELs: When cleared to either “cross the runway”, “position and hold”, or “immediate takeoff”, and RELs are illuminated; stop the air
15、craft and indicate to Air Traffic “Transair 123 stopped with red lights” and then wait for further clearance. 当清除“穿越跑道”，“位置并持有”，或“立即起飞”，和相关的说明；停止飞机和表明空中交通“超稳123停止红色灯光”，然后等待进一步的间隙。 When RELs illuminate normally due to crossing, landing or departing traffic without any proximate hazard, the flight cre
16、w should remain clear of the runway or stopped short of the runway and wait for further clearance. 当正常照明因之间的交叉，降落或起飞交通没有任何接近危险，机组人员应保持清晰的跑道或停止短的跑道，等待进一步的间隙。,Proposed Phraseology,Flight crew members and air traffic controllers should follow these procedures with installed RELs: When controllers issue
17、 clearances that result in aircraft stopping due to red lights at runway/taxiway intersections, Air Traffic should reevaluate the traffic and issue further clearances accordingly. 当控制器的问题，由于间隙飞机停在红灯跑道/滑行道交叉口应重新评估结果，空中交通交通问题的进一步的间隙，因此。 When no clearance was given or the clearance was to “hold short o
18、f the runway” but the aircraft continued across the hold line and flight crews observed illuminated red lights, the flight crew should tell Air Traffic that “Transair 123 is stopped with red lights.”当没有间隙或间隙是给出了“持有短的跑道”但飞机继续在保持系和飞行人员观察亮红灯，机组人员应该告诉空中交通“超稳123是红灯停。”,Phase 1: Engineering Development (Co
19、mpleted Dec 05) Recorded surveillance data Laboratory (controlled) environment Engineering assessment Phase 2: Shadow Operations (Completed May 06) Live surveillance data Simulated RWSL operation on display in tower Controller evaluation Phase 3: Extended Operational Evaluation (06-09) Live surveill
20、ance data RWSL system operating in real time User Group (controllers and pilots) evaluation Current: Continued Operational Evaluation with new airport surveillance (ASDE-X),RWSL Development Phases,Pilot information sources 信息源,Media planned for training pilots 训练飞行员的媒体计划 Website available on-line 在线
21、网页 www.RWSL.net FAA Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) FAA通告 Jeppesen/LIDO Chart Inserts 航图活页 Posters/training cards distributed to pilots by airlines and unions海报/培训卡分发给航空公司飞行员和工会 Powerpoint presentations and animations PPT演示和动画 ATIS (example) “Runway status lights operational evaluation in progress” 跑道状态灯光
22、系统运行评估提升,Summary总结,RWSL Goal 目标 reduce frequency and severity of runway incursions 减少跑道入侵事件的频率和严重程度 RWSL Concept原则 improve safety via increased pilots situational awareness 通过增加飞行员的情景意识提高安全性 RWSL Method方法 provide automatic depiction that a runway is unsafe to enter via status lights on airport for pilots通过机场状态灯提供自动显示向飞行员提示跑道是不安全的 RWSL Requirements 条件 controller acceptance: no impact on normal safe operations不影响正常运行 pilot acceptance: operational suitability of lights 灯光运行适用性,