1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Crimea is a center of pro-Russian sentiment, which can （ ） separatism. The region-a peninsula on Ukraines Black Sea coast-has 2.3 million inhabitants, most of whom identify themselves as ethnic Russians and speak Russian.问题1选项A.spill overB.spill out ofC.spil
2、l down towardsD.spill into【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。spill over “外溢”；spill out of “溅出”；spill down towards “溢出”；spill into “涌进”。句意：克里米亚是亲俄情绪的中心，这种情绪能够涌进各种分裂主义。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题（ ）he was in the United States as student studying computer science, but in reality he was spying on Silicon Valley firms for Gun Dap Systems
3、 his employer.问题1选项A.DisingenuouslyB.DiscretelyC.OfficiouslyD.Ostensibly【答案】D【解析】副词词义辨析。disingenuously “不诚实地”；discretely “离散地”；officiously“过分殷勤地，非官方地”；ostensibly “表面上，外表”。句意：表面上他在美国学习计算机科学，但实际上，他是在为他的雇主Gun Dap Systems监视硅谷的公司。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The Niger President had caused unease in the West African co
4、untry following his failure to organize elections when his （ ）elapsed.问题1选项A.tenancyB.tensionC.territoryD.tenure【答案】D【解析】名词词汇辨析。tenancy “租用，租赁，租赁期”；tension “紧张局势”；territory “领地，领土”；tenure “任期”。句意：尼日尔总统任期结束后未能组织选举，在这个西非国家引起了不安。选项D符合题意。4. 问答题Identity is about how we define who we are. Literally, both
5、identity and the self mean “the same as”. In cultural theory identity is used to describe the consciousness of self found in the modern individual. The modern self is understood to be autonomous and self-critical. The German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel saw individualism, the right to criticism and auto
6、nomy of action as the three main characteristics of modern subjectivity. This self-reflexive aspect of identity means that, in the modern age, identity is understood to be a project. It is not fixed. The autobiographical thinking that characterizes modern identity creates a coherent sense of a past
7、identity, but that identity has to be sustained in the present and remade in the future. The constant remaking of identity reveals that the sense of self is to some extent an illusion, because the making of the self requires a constant interaction with the not-self or non-identity: the external worl
8、d. In modem Western societies, certain identities have been privileged over others. Men have been privileged over women. White Europeans have been privileged over non-whites. Certain modes of sexual behavior have defined normal against deviant sexual identities. “Identity politics” is the term used
9、to describe the emergence into the political arena of identities other than those of white, European, heterosexual men. The assertion of alternative identities has followed a number of different strategies which Jonathan Dollimore divides into four types of “reverse discourses”: (1) the assertion of
10、 a positive identity as normal and natural as the dominant “norm”; (2) the assertion of a negative identity, which is abnormal, but can be explained and assimilated by recourse to legitimating (for example, medical or scientific) discourses; (3) the assertion of a different identity as more natural
11、and normal than the dominant norm; (4) the strategy of transgression, where the very categories that define what is normal and abnormal are subverted. The first of these four can be described as essentialist strategies. They assert oppositional identity as essentially unchangeable. An example would
12、be the cultural movement known as “negritude” which emerged at the end of the French Empire. One of its leading proponents, Leopold Senghor argued that African culture is “more sensitive to the external world, to the material aspect of beings and things”. However, the result of such strategies is of
13、ten anti-essentialist. An assertive African culture will in fact change the nature of both African and European identities. The fourth reverse discourse is explicitly anti-essentialist. Identity is understood to be performative, not based on any essential characteristics, but rather is a performance
14、 based on cultural expectations. Dollimores example of an anti-essentialist identity is Oscar Wilde, who famously argued for the primacy of culture in his statement that “life imitates art”. One of the most interesting developments in identity politics emerging from this insight has been queer polit
15、ics. This has developed from lesbian and gay politics; but queer politics resists the division of sexuality into a binary opposition of essentialist homosexual or heterosexual identities. Instead, Judith Butler argues that identities are the products of the discourses that define sexuality. We perfo
16、rm masculinity or femininity, homosexuality or heterosexuality according to a script already written as the cultural conventions of our society. In this view, identities are cultural constructions rather than pre-set. 1.What is the passage mainly about?2.Why does the author say that “in the modern a
17、ge, identity is understood to be a project” in Paragraph 1?3.In whose interests is the term “identity politics” put forward in Paragraph 2?4.Why does the author mention the example of Oscar Wilde in Paragraph 2?5.What is the author likely to talk about in the following paragraph?【答案】1.The passage is
18、 about (the definition of) identity.2.Because the past identity has to be sustained in the present and remade in the future.3.People who are not privileged in modern Western society.4.Because he argued for the primacy of culture in his statement, which subverted the very categories that define what
19、is normal and abnormal.5.The following paragraph will discuss the influences on identities that social culture brings.5. 翻译题This work belongs within the movement of the so-called “Third Force” psychology, but unlike many other works in this stream of thought/ it approaches the problems of man as a p
20、erson from a point of view that comes from within science and from an academic psychological perspective. I stress this not because there have been no other such attempts, but because these attempts are in the minorityand because very often, to those who are not knowledgeable about the movement, Thi
21、rd Force psychology seems to be a domain reserved exclusively for clinicians. This impression is obtained because most of the Third Force psychologists are clinicians or psychologists interested in personality theory. Also, the mistaken notion that if one is interested in the whole person then it is
22、 not possible to be scientific is still too prevalent. In truth, the impact of this psychology is by no means limited to clinical psychologyits insights are relevant for the whole field. Moreover, it is precisely the prejudice that this psychology must be either antiscientific or nonscientific that
23、we would like to challenge.【答案】【参考译文】这部作品属于所谓的第三势力心理学运动，但与这一思潮中的许多其他作品不同，它从科学和学术心理学的角度来处理人之所以为人的问题。我强调这一点不是因为没有其他这样的尝试，而是因为这些尝试是少数的，而且很多时候，对于那些不了解这一运动的人来说，第三力量心理学似乎是一个专门为临床医生保留的领域。这种印象之所以产生，是因为大多数的第三势力心理学家都是临床医生或对人格理论感兴趣的心理学家。此外，如果一个人对完整的人感兴趣，那么就不可能进行科学研究这样一种错误观念仍然非常普遍。事实上，这种心理学的影响并不局限于临床心理学它的洞见与整个领
24、域都相关。此外，我们要反驳的正是这种心理学必须是反科学或非科学的偏见。6. 单选题The new media law that has sparked a furor in the country requires all broadcast and digital media to provide “balanced coverage” and is seen by critics as an attempt to （ ）the press.问题1选项A.muzzleB.underpinC.sidestepD.reassure【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。muzzle “使缄默，封锁.的言
25、论”；underpin “巩固，支持”；sidestep “回避”；reassure “使安心”。句意：在全国引起了轩然大波的新媒体法，要求所有广播和数字媒体提供均衡的报道，被评论家认为有可能带来言论受限等结果。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题Children value perceptive comments, responses and questions on their writing, but they quickly see through （ ）approval and generalized faint praise.问题1选项A.perniciousB.perfunctoryC.
26、lethargicD.phlegmatic【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。pernicious “有害的”；perfunctory “敷衍的”；lethargic “昏睡的，无生气的”；phlegmatic “冷淡的，迟钝的”。句意：孩子们重视他们写作中具有洞察力的评论、回答和问题，但是他们能迅速区分敷衍的意见和普通的赞美。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题A painstaking process of reinventing led to new core courses designed to help students develop global awareness and streng
27、then their analytical and reasoning abilities, critical reading skills, and writing （ ）.问题1选项A.professionB.performanceC.proficiencyD.progress【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。profession “职业，专业”；performance “性能，绩效”；proficiency “精通，熟练”；progress “进步，发展”。句意：一个艰苦的改造过程带来了新的核心课程，旨在帮助学生发展全球意识，提升他们的分析和推理能力，提高批判性阅读和写作的熟练程度。选项C
28、符合题意。9. 单选题The desire for friendship is always with us but we do not always have friends. In fact, the first thing that our own experiences, （1） many of the great philosophers, tell us about true friendship is that it is very rare. A lot of our associations seem like friendships at first, only to we
29、aken and disappear（2）. These lack what might be called the “prerequisites”. In trying to （3） what they are, we must begin by clearly distinguishing between relationships that are accidental and temporary and （4） that are essential and enduring.Aristotle offers us substantial help here by pointing ou
30、t that there are three kinds of friendship based on utility, on pleasure, and on virtue.The friendship of utility and pleasure go together and are（5） the most common. Everyone has experienced them. People are “friendly” to their business associates, neighbors, the members of their car pool, and（6） c
31、asual acquaintances on trains, boats and airplanes. This kind of civility is, （7）, a form of friendship, the friendship of utility, of mutual convenience. （8）, people are “friendly” to their golfing partners, to others at a cocktail party, and to acquaintances who entertain them. This is also a form
32、 of friendship, the friendship of （9）, of mutual enjoyment. It could be argued that these sorts of friendship appear to be based upon something（10） reciprocal altruism: we are friendly （11） because cooperating in the office is mutually beneficial in terms of （12）: we like to shop with friends becaus
33、e it is mutually beneficial in terms of increasing the pleasure.These low forms of friendship are not necessarily bad,（13） they are （14）. One of their defects （15） the fact that they depend on and vary with circumstances. This is why they quickly arise and just as quickly disappear. （16）, when the B
34、ook of Proverbs says, “A friend loves at all times”, it is referring to （17） form of friendship that does not depend on circumstances. In order to go beyond the effect of time and accident, it must be based on the inherent qualities of the individuals involved. A friendship（18） cannot be a passing f
35、riendship.True friendship, then, （19） (although it often includes) both utility and pleasure. For Aristotle, such a friendship must be based on a good moral character. Only in that way can it last. Further, it must develop （20）, since it first depends on familiarity, knowledge, and theneventually mu
36、tual trust.问题1选项A.in spite ofB.exceptC.as well asD.besides问题2选项A.in timeB.on timeC.in no timeD.at one time问题3选项A.set downB.set upC.set onD.set against问题4选项A.theseB.thoseC.thingsD.others问题5选项A.in doubtB.no doubtC.for doubtD.at doubt问题6选项A.suchB.theirC.evenD.the问题7选项A.in equal degreeB.to an extreme de
37、greeC.by degreesD.to some degree问题8选项A.SecondlyB.LikelyC.EventuallyD.Similarly问题9选项A.utilityB.pleasureC.virtueD.trust问题10选项A.rather thanB.rather likeC.such asD.as such问题11选项A.in workB.in the worksC.at workD.off work问题12选项A.having done thingsB.getting things doneC.doing thingsD.getting things to do问题
38、13选项A.thoughB.sinceC.butD.therefore问题14选项A.inadequateB.accidentalC.essentialD.temporary问题15选项A.results fromB.results inC.results toD.results by问题16选项A.By the same tokenB.By accidentC.By comparisonD.By contrast问题17选项A.a highB.a higherC.the highestD.the问题18选项A.having anchoredB.anchoredC.so anchoringD.
39、so anchored问题19选项A.excludesB.includesC.possessesD.surpasses问题20选项A.quicklyB.slowlyC.moderatelyD.continually【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C第7题:D第8题:D第9题:B第10题:C第11题:C第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:A第17题:B第18题:D第19题:D第20题:B【解析】（1）固定搭配和连词。in spite of “尽管”；except “除了.之外”；as well as “也，和一样”；besides “除了.
40、之外还有”。句意：事实上，根据我们自己的经历，以及许多伟大的哲学家告诉我们真正友谊是非常罕见的。选项C符合题意。（2）固定搭配。in time “及时”；on time “准时”；in no time “立刻”；at one time “曾经一度”。句意：们之间的许多联系起初看起来像是友谊，它们会慢慢减弱甚至消失。选项A符合题意。（3）动词短语辨析。set down “放下，看作”；set up “建立”；set on “唆使，开始”；set against “反对”。句意：在试图与反抗它们的时候，我们必须首先清楚地辨别。选项A符合题意。（4）语法题。根据句子中的短语betweenand，可知
41、空格中的内容要和上文的relationships有并列关系，所以选用代词those代指前面的relationships。选项B符合题意。（5）固定搭配。in doubt “可怀疑的”；no doubt “无疑地”，没有C和D项的搭配，可排除。句意：功利和快乐在友谊中是相辅相成的，这毫无疑问是最普遍的现象。选项B符合题意。（6）上下文语义理解。such “这个”； their “他们的”；even “甚至”；the定冠词表特指。句意：人们对他们的商业伙伴、邻居、合伙用车的成员，甚至火车上、船上和飞机上的泛泛之交都很“友好”。前后两句存在递进关系。选项C符合题意。（7）固定搭配。in equal
42、degree “在同等程度上”；to an extreme degree “非常”；by degrees “渐渐地”；to some degree “在一定程度上”。句意： 在某种程度上，这种礼貌是友谊的一种形式，是实用的友谊，是为了互相方便。选项D符合题意。（8）副词词义辨析。secondly “其次”；likely“很可能”；eventually “最终”；similarly “相似地”。句意：同样，人们对打高尔夫球的伙伴、酒会上的其他人以及招待他们的熟人都很“友好”。选项D符合题意。（9）名词词义辨析。utility “实用”；pleasure “乐趣”；virtue “美德”；trus
43、t “信任”。句意：这也是友谊的一种形式，充满快乐的友谊，彼此相互享受的友谊。选项B符合题意。（10）固定搭配。rather than “而不是”；rather like “相当喜欢”；such as “例如”；as such “同样地”。句意：可以说，这种友谊似乎是建立在某种基础上的，比如互利主义。选项C符合题意。（11）固定搭配。in work “在完成中”；in the works “正在准备阶段”；at work “在工作”；off work “在休班”。句意：我们在工作中很友好。选项C符合题意。（12）固定搭配。get sth. done “将某事做完”，句意：我们在工作中很友好，因
44、为在办公室里合作有利于工作的完成。选项B符合题意。（13）连词词义辨析。though “尽管，引导让步状语从句”；since “因为，引导原因状语从句”；but “但是，表转折”；therefore “因此，引导结果状语从句”。句意：这些低级形式的友谊不一定是坏的，尽管它们不够好。两句之前存在让步关系。选项A符合题意。（14）形容词词义辨析。inadequate “足够的”；accidental “偶然的”；essential “本质的”；temporary “暂时的”。句意：这些低级形式的友谊不一定是坏的，尽管它们不够好。选项A符合题意。（15）固定搭配。result from “因为，由于
45、result in “导致”，没有C和D项的搭配，可排除。句意：它们的缺陷之一是由于它们依赖于环境并随之变化。选项A符合题意。（16）固定搭配。by the same token “出于同样的原因”；by accident “偶然，意外地”；by comparison “相比之下”；by contrast “与之相比”。句意：同样的道理，当箴言说“朋友一直都有爱”。选项A符合题意。（17）语法题。根据文意，空格这句话提到的这种友谊和上文提到的有一形式形成了对比，所以两者形成对比，选用比较级，并且表泛指，用不定冠词a。选项B符合题意。（18）根据句子结构，可知空格应填入非谓语动词作后置定语，
46、修饰前面的名词friendship。句意：如此坚固的友谊是不会消逝的友谊。选项D符合题意。（19）动词词义辨析。excludes “排除，不包括”；includes “包括”；possesses “拥有”；surpasses “超越”。句意：因此，真正的友谊超越(尽管它经常包括)利益和快乐。选项D符合题意。（20）副词词义辨析。quickly “快速地”；slowly “缓慢地”；moderately “适度地”；continually “不断地”。句意：此外，它必须缓慢发展，因为它首先取决于熟悉程度、相识程度，然后最终取决于相互信任。选项B符合题意。10. 翻译题There are at least two ways of talking about contemporary cosmopolitan cultures. The first is to suggest that cosmopolitan cultures are the depthless commercial pleasures of the increasingly placeless capitalist elite. In this view, cosmopolitan culture is aligned with a postmodern culture that
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