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1、科 技 英 语 （English for Science and Technology）,跨院系跨专业选修课,主讲： 谢 静,English for Science and Technology,Aim: Introduce the conceptions, principles, historical facts, policies and developments of science and technology; Popularize the knowledge of science; Broaden the vocabulary of EST; Improve the level o
2、f EST.,Content: -Religions and Conflicts -Space and Exploration -Energy and Development -Human and Environment,Religions and Conflicts,What is religion?,Kile Jones wrote in his essay on defining religion:,“It is apparent that religion can be seen as a theological(神学), philosophical(哲学), anthropologi
3、cal(人类学), sociological(社会学), and psychological (心理学) phenomenon of human kind. To limit religion to only one of these categories is to miss its multifaceted nature and lose out on the complete definition.“,“Human recognition of superhuman controlling power and especially of a personal God entitled t
4、o obedience.“,“a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith.“,“any specific system of belief and worship, often involving a code of ethics and a philosophy.“,The Five World Religions,Christianity (基督教) Islam(伊斯兰教) Judaism(犹太教) Hinduism(印度教) Buddhism(佛教),Christianity,silent n
5、ight billy gilman silent night, holy night all is calm, all is bright round yon virgin mother and child holy infant so tender and mild sleep in heavenly peace sleep in heavenly peace silent night, holy night son of god, loves pure light radiant beams from thy holy face with the dawn of redeeming gra
6、ce christ, the savior is born christ, the savior is born christ, the savior is born,Most widespread religion in the world. Present in the USA, Canada, South America, Australia, and England, among others. Various forms exist including Roman Catholic(罗马天主教), Lutheran(路德教), Methodist(卫理公会), Baptist(浸信会
7、).,Christianitys Beliefs,God, Jesus and the Saint Christians believe that there is only one God, whom they call Father as Jesus Christ taught them. Christians recognise Jesus as the Son of God who was sent to save mankind from death and sin. The word saint is most commonly used to refer to a Christi
8、an who has lived a particularly good and holy life on earth, and with whom miracles are claimed to have been associated after their death. In the Bible, however, the word saint is used as a description of anyone who is a committed believer, particularly by St. Paul in the New Testament.,The Trinity
9、Christians believe in the Trinity - that is in God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. There is only one God. He is a Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. God lived on earth as Jesus, who was both wholly God and wholly human. Because Jesus was wholly human, he was subject to pain, suffering and sorro
10、w like other human beings. He died on the Cross so that those who believe in him will be forgiven all their sins. Jesus promised that he would stay with his followers, so after he went to Heaven he sent his Spirit to guide them. The Holy Spirit continues to guide, comfort, and encourage Christians.,
11、God(上帝) Creation(创造) Sin(罪) Redemption(救赎) Immortality(灵魂与永生),Islam,The majority of people in the Middle East are Muslims 1.2 billion followers (20% of humanity) Follow the teachings of Muhammada prophet, not a divine being,Islam Beliefs,The simplest form of Muslim beliefs is summarised in the Decla
12、ration of Faith (pictured): “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah“.,Quran: word of God transmitted through Muhammad submission to Allah as the path to inner peace 5 Pillars of Islam: -1. Allah is one true God, Muhammad his messenger -2. Ritual prayer -3. Give alms to the
13、 poor -4. Fast during Ramadan(斋月) -5. Pilgrimage at least once to Mecca,Final judgement by God Muslims must defend their faith holy wars (jihad) against nonbelievers -Many countries recently have tried to rid their society of morally wrong Western influences,Judaism,Something less than a world relig
14、ion with only 15 million followers around the world Only in Israel do Jews represent the national majority USA has largest concentration of Jews (6 million),Synagogue (犹太教会堂),Judaism Beliefs,Covenant: special relationship with God by which Jews became the “chosen people.” Regard Old Testament as a r
15、ecord of their history and a statement of the duties of Jewish life Judaism is the faith of a Community Judaism is a family faith,Hinduism,Oldest of all world religions 14% of all humanity are Hindus Remains an Eastern Religion, located in India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and South Africa Not linked to t
16、he life of a single person,Hinduism Beliefs,Hindus believe in a universal eternal soul called Brahman(梵天), who created and is present in everything. But they worship other deities such as Shiva(湿婆) and Vishnu(毗湿奴), recognising different attributes of Brahman in them.,Shiva(湿婆),Vishnu(毗湿奴),Brahman(梵天
17、),Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, governed by Karma. Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the previous life was lived. The Vedas(吠陀经) are the most ancient religious Hindu tex
18、t and define the truth. Hindus believe that the texts were received by scholars directly from God and passed onto generations by word of mouth. Hindus celebrate many holy days, but the Festival of Lights, Diwali(排灯节) is the most well known,Buddhism,350 million Buddhists (6% of people) Located in Tha
19、iland, Cambodia, Japan, India, and China Resembles Hinduism in doctrine, but stems from the life of one person, Buddha(佛),Buddhism arose as a result of Siddhartha Gautamas quest for Enlightenment in around the 6th Century BCE There is no belief in a personal God. It is not centred on the relationshi
20、p between humanity and God Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent - change is always possible The two main Buddhist sects are Theravada(小乘佛教) Buddhism and Mahayana (大乘佛教) Buddhism. Buddhism is a very colourful faith with many festivals throughout the year Buddhists can worship both at home or at a temple,THANKS!,