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1、ACI 351.3R-04 became effective May 3, 2004. Copyright 2004, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or
2、 recording for sound or visual reproduc- tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, exec
3、uting, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institu
4、te disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the
5、 contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. 351.3R-1 It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make an
6、y representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupatio
7、nal Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards. Foundations for Dynamic Equipment ACI 351.3R-04 This report presents to industry practitioners the various design criteria and methods and procedures of analysis, design, and construction applied to dynamic equipment foundation
8、s. Keywords: amplitude; concrete; foundation; reinforcement; vibration. CONTENTS Chapter 1Introduction, p. 351.3R-2 1.1Background 1.2Purpose 1.3Scope 1.4Notation Chapter 2Foundation and machine types, p. 351.3R-4 2.1General considerations 2.2Machine types 2.3Foundation types Chapter 3Design criteria
9、, p. 351.3R-7 3.1Overview of design criteria 3.2Foundation and equipment loads 3.3Dynamic soil properties 3.4Vibration performance criteria 3.5Concrete performance criteria 3.6Performance criteria for machine-mounting systems 3.7Method for estimating inertia forces from multi- cylinder machines Chap
10、ter 4Design methods and materials, p. 351.3R-26 4.1Overview of design methods 4.2Impedance provided by the supporting media 4.3Vibration analysis 4.4Structural foundation design and materials 4.5Use of isolation systems 4.6Repairing and upgrading foundations 4.7Sample impedance calculations Chapter
11、5Construction considerations, p. 351.3R-53 5.1Subsurface preparation and improvement 5.2Foundation placement tolerances 5.3Forms and shores 5.4Sequence of construction and construction joints 5.5Equipment installation and setting 5.6Grouting 5.7Concrete materials 5.8Quality control Reported by ACI C
12、ommittee 351 William L. Bounds*Fred G. LouisAbdul Hai Sheikh William D. BrantJack MollAnthony J. Smalley Shu-jin FangIra W. PearcePhilip A. Smith Shraddhakar HarshAndrew Rossi*W. Tod Sutton Charles S. HughesRobert L. Rowan, Jr.F. Alan Wiley Erick LarsonWilliam E. Rushing, Jr. James P. Lee* Chair Yel
13、ena S. Golod* Secretary *Members of the editorial subcommittee. Chair of subcommittee that prepared this report. Past chair. 351.3R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Chapter 6References, p. 351.3R-57 6.1Referenced standards and reports 6.2Cited references 6.3Software sources and other references 6.4Terminology
14、 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION 1.1Background Heavy machinery with reciprocating, impacting, or rotating masses requires a support system that can resist dynamic forces and the resulting vibrations. When excessive, such vibrations may be detrimental to the machinery, its support system, and any operating per
15、sonnel subjected to them. Many engineers with varying backgrounds are engaged in the analysis, design, construction, maintenance, and repair of machine foundations. Therefore, it is important that the owner/operator, geotechnical engineer, structural engineer, and equipment supplier collaborate duri
16、ng the design process. Each of these participants has inputs and concerns that are important and should be effectively communicated with each other, especially considering that machine foundation design procedures and criteria are not covered in building codes and national standards. Some firms and
17、individuals have developed their own standards and specifications as a result of research and development activities, field studies, or many years of successful engineering or construction practices. Unfortunately, most of these standards are not available to many practitioners. As an engineering ai
18、d to those persons engaged in the design of foundations for machinery, the committee developed this document, which presents many current practices for dynamic equipment foundation engineering and construction. 1.2Purpose The committee presents various design criteria and methods and procedures of a
19、nalysis, design, and construction currently applied to dynamic equipment foundations by industry practitioners. This document provides general guidance with reference materials, rather than specifying requirements for adequate design. Where the document mentions multiple design methods and criteria
20、in use, factors, which may influence the choice, are presented. 1.3Scope This document is limited in scope to the engineering, construction, repair, and upgrade of dynamic equipment foundations. For the purposes of this document, dynamic equipment includes the following: 1. Rotating machinery; 2. Re
21、ciprocating machinery; and 3. Impact or impulsive machinery. 1.4Notation C= damping matrix K = stiffness matrix K* = impedance with respect to CG k = reduced stiffness matrix kj = battered pile stiffness matrix M = mass matrix m = reduced mass matrix T = transformation matrix for battered pile ir =
22、matrix of interaction factors between any two piles with diagonal terms ii = 1 A= displacement amplitude Ahead, Acrank = head and crank areas, in.2 (mm2) Ap= cross-sectional area of the pile a, b = plan dimensions of a rectangular foundation ao = dimensionless frequency Bc = cylinder bore diameter,
23、in. (mm) Bi = mass ratio for the i-th direction Br = ram weight, tons (kN) b1, b2 = 0.425 and 0.687, Eq. (4.15d) cgi= damping of pile group in the i-th direction ci= damping constant for the i-th direction ci*(adj)= damping in the i-th direction adjusted for material damping cij = equivalent viscous
24、 damping of pile j in the i-th direction Di= damping ratio for the i-th direction Drod = rod diameter, in. (mm) d = pile diameter dn = nominal bolt diameter, in. (m) ds= displacement of the slide, in. (mm) Ep= Youngs modulus of the pile em = mass eccentricity, in. (mm) ev = void ratio F = time varyi
25、ng force vector F1= correction factor Fblock= the force acting outwards on the block from which concrete stresses should be calcu- lated, lbf (N) (Fbolt)CHG= the force to be restrained by friction at the cross head guide tie-down bolts, lbf (N) (Fbolt)frame= the force to be restrained by friction at
26、 the frame tie-down bolts, lbf (N) FD= damper force FGMAX= maximum horizontal gas force on a throw or cylinder, lbf (N) FIMAX= maximum horizontal inertia force on a throw or cylinder, lbf (N) Fo= dynamic force amplitude (zero-to-peak), lbf (N) Fr= maximum horizontal dynamic force Fred= a force reduc
27、tion factor with suggested value of 2, to account for the fraction of individual cylinder load carried by the compressor frame (“frame rigidity factor”) Frod= force acting on piston rod, lbf (N) Fs = dynamic inertia force of slide, lbf (N) FTHROW= horizontal force to be resisted by each throws ancho
28、r bolts, lbf (N) Funbalance = the maximum value from Eq. (3.18) applied using parameters for a horizontal compressor cylinder, lbf (N) FOUNDATIONS FOR DYNAMIC EQUIPMENT 351.3R-3 fi1, fi2 = dimensionless stiffness and damping functions for the i-th direction, piles fm = frequency of motion, Hz fn = s
29、ystem natural frequency (cycles per second) fo = operating speed, rpm G = dynamic shear modulus of the soil Gave = the average value of shear modulus of the soil over the pile length Gc = the average value of shear modulus of the soil over the critical length GE = pile group efficiency Gl = soil she
30、ar modulus at tip of pile GpJ= torsional stiffness of the pile Gs = dynamic shear modulus of the embedment (side) material Gz = the shear modulus at depth z = lc/4 H = depth of soil layer Ii = mass moment of inertia of the machine- foundation system for the i-th direction Ip = moment of inertia of t
31、he pile cross section i = i= a directional indicator or modal indicator, Eq. (4.48), as a subscript K2 = a parameter that depends on void ratio and strain amplitude Keff = the effective bearing stiffness, lbf/in. (N/mm) Kij * = impedance in the i-th direction with respect to motion of the CG in j-th
32、 direction Kn = nut factor for bolt torque Kuu = horizontal spring constant Ku = coupling spring constant K = rocking spring constant k = the dynamic stiffness provided by the supporting media kei * = impedance in the i-th direction due to embedment kgi = pile group stiffness in the i-th direction k
33、i = stiffness for the i-th direction ki(adj) = stiffness in the i-th direction adjusted for material damping ki* = complex impedance for the i-th direction ki*(adj) = impedance adjusted for material damping kij = stiffness of pile j in the i-th direction kj = battered pile stiffness matrix kr = stif
34、fness of individual pile considered in isolation kst = static stiffness constant kvj = vertical stiffness of a single pile L = length of connecting rod, in. (mm) LB = the greater plan dimension of the founda- tion block, ft (m) Li = length of the connecting rod of the crank mechanism at the i-th cyl
35、inder l = depth of embedment (effective) lc = critical length of a pile lp = pile length Mh = hammer mass including any auxiliary foundation, lbm (kg) Mr = ram mass including dies and ancillary parts, lbm (kg) m = mass of the machine-foundation system md = slide mass including the effects of any bal
36、ance mechanism, lbm (kg) mr = rotating mass, lbm (kg) mrec,i = reciprocating mass for the i-th cylinder mrot,i = rotating mass of the i-th cylinder ms = effective mass of a spring (Nbolt)CHG = the number of bolts holding down one crosshead guide (Nbolt)frame = the number of bolts holding down the fr
37、ame, per cylinder NT = normal torque, ft-lbf (m-N) Phead, Pcrank= instantaneous head and crank pressures, psi (Pa) Ps = power being transmitted by the shaft at the connection, horsepower (kilowatts) R, Ri = equivalent foundation radius r = length of crank, in. (mm) ri = radius of the crank mechanism
38、 of the i-th cylinder ro = pile radius or equivalent radius S = press stroke, in. (mm) Sf = service factor, used to account for increasing unbalance during the service life of the machine, generally greater than or equal to 2 Si1, Si2 = dimensionless parameters (Table 4.2) s = distance between piles
39、 T = foundation thickness, ft (m) Tb = bolt torque, lbf-in. (N-m) Tmin = minimum required anchor bolt tension t = time, s Vmax = the maximum allowable vibration, in. (mm) Vs = shear wave velocity of the soil, ft/s (m/s) v = displacement amplitude v = velocity, in./s (cm/s) vh = post-impact hammer ve
40、locity, in./s (mm/s) vo = reference velocity = 18.4 ft/s (5.6 m/s) from a free fall of 5.25 ft (1.6 m) vr = ram impact velocity, ft/s (m/s) W = strain energy Wa = equipment weight at anchorage location Wf = weight of the foundation, tons (kN) Wp = bolt preload, lbf (N) Wr = rotating weight, lbf (N)
41、w = soil weight density X = vector representation of time-dependent displacements for MDOF systems Xi = distance along the crankshaft from the reference origin to the i-th cylinder x, z = the pile coordinates indicated in Fig. 4.9 xr, zr= pile location reference distances yc= distance from the CG to
42、 the base support ye= distance from the CG to the level of embedment resistance yp= crank pin displacement in local Y-axis, in. (mm) 1 351.3R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT Zp = piston displacement, in. (mm) zp = crank pin displacement in local Z-axis, in. (mm) = the angle between a battered pile and vertic
43、al = modified pile group interaction factor 1 = coefficient dependent on Poissons ratio as given in Table 4.1 h = ram rebound velocity relative to impact velocity i = the phase angle for the crank radius of the i-th cylinder, rad ij * = complex pile group interaction factor for the i-th pile to the
44、j-th pile uf = the horizontal interaction factor for fixed- headed piles (no head rotation) uH = the horizontal interaction factor due to horizontal force (rotation allowed) v = vertical interaction coefficient between two piles H = the rotation due to horizontal force M = the rotation due to moment
45、 = system damping ratio i = rectangular footing coefficients (Richart, Hall, and Woods 1970), i = v, u, or j = coefficient dependent on Poissons ratio as given in Table 4.1, j = 1 to 4 m = material damping ratio of the soil p = angle between the direction of the loading and the line connecting the p
46、ile centers = loss angle W = area enclosed by the hysteretic loop ir = the elements of the inverted matrix ir1 i = reduced mode shape vector for the i-th mode j = coefficient dependent on Poissons ratio as given in Table 4.1, j = 1 to 4 = pile-soil stiffness ratio (Ep/Gl) = coefficient of friction =
47、 Poissons ratio of the soil s = Poissons ratio of the embedment (side) material = soil mass density (soil weight density/gravi- tational acceleration) a = Gave/Gl c = Gz/Gc o = probable confining pressure, lbf/ft2 (Pa) i = circular natural frequency for the i-th mode m = circular frequency of motion
48、 n = circular natural frequencies of the system o = circular operating frequency of the machine (rad/s) su, sv = circular natural frequencies of a soil layer in u and v directions CHAPTER 2FOUNDATION AND MACHINE TYPES 2.1General considerations The type, configuration, and installation of a foundatio
49、n or support structure for dynamic machinery may depend on the following factors: 1. Site conditions such as soil characteristics, topography, seismicity, climate, and other effects; 2. Machine base configuration such as frame size, cylinder supports, pulsation bottles, drive mechanisms, and exhaust ducts; 3. Process requirements such as elevation requirements with respect to connected process equipment and hold-down requirements for piping; 4. Anticipated