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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Incorporating corrigendum no. 1 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2: Principles for a classification The European Standard EN ISO 14688-2:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 93.020 ? Licensed Copy:
2、London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 25 January 2006 BSI 2007 ISBN 0 580 47508 5 Nati
3、onal foreword This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN ISO 14688-2:2004. It is identical with ISO 14688-2:2004. It partially supersedes BS 5930:1999, which is currently being revised in order to remove conflicting material. In the meantime, where conflict arises
4、between the two documents the provisions of BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004 should take precedence. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/526, Geotechnics, to Subcommittee B/526/3, Site investigation and ground testing. A list of organizations represented on B/526/3 c
5、an be obtained on request to its secretary. Table 4 provides some scale of density terms based on the Density Index. It needs to be made clear whether the terms “very loose”, “loose”, “medium dense”, “dense” and “very dense” have been derived from this table or from SPT N values, the latter being mo
6、re commonly used in the UK. Table 5 provides a scale of undrained shear strength values based on test results. This scale has no descriptive element, and uses different terms to those previously used in UK practice and as given in BS 5930:1990. It is suggested that where test results are available t
7、he terms in Table 5 be used in preference to the field descriptive terms given in 5.14 of BS EN ISO 14688-1:2006. Annex B provides an example of a soil classification based on grading alone. This is not an approach that suits UK practice and so it is recommended that a method of classification which
8、 also includes other characteristics such as plasticity, water content and density is used. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal
9、 obligations. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. DateComments 16928 Corrigendum No. 1 28 February 2007Revision of National foreword Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EUROPEAN STANDARD NO
10、RME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 14688-2 July 2004 ICS 93.020 English version Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 2: Principles for a classification (ISO 14688-2:2004) Reconnaissance et essais gotechniques - Dnomination, description et classi
11、fication des sols - Partie 2: Principes pour une classification (ISO 14688-2:2004) Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden - Teil 2: Grundlagen von Bodenklassifizierung (ISO 14688- 2:2004) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 June
12、2004. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtaine
13、d on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secreta
14、riat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portu
15、gal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
16、 worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 14688-2:2004: E Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Foreword This document (EN ISO 14688-2:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
17、182 “Geotechnics“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the late
18、st by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2005. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech R
19、epublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 14688-2:2004 has been appr
20、oved by CEN as EN ISO 14688-2:2004 without any modifications. EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Reference number ISO 14688-2:2004(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14688-2 First ed
21、ition 2004-07-15 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2: Principles for a classification Reconnaissance et essais gotechniques Dnomination, description et classification des sols Partie 2: Principes pour une classification EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed
22、 Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ii Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iii Contents Page Forewordiv
23、1 Scope1 2 Normative references .1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Principles of soil classifications .3 4.1 General.3 4.2 Fractions4 4.3 Particle size distribution (grading)4 4.4 Plasticity.5 4.5 Organic content.5 5 Other principles suitable for soil classification.5 5.1 General.5 5.2 Correlations of d
24、ensity terms for sands and gravels5 5.3 Undrained shear strength of fine soils .6 5.4 Consistency index 7 5.5 Other suitable parameters7 Annex A (informative) Principles of soil classifications.8 Annex B (informative) Example of a classification of soils, based on grading alone.10 Bibliography .13 E
25、N ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies)
26、. The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non
27、-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part
28、 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
29、a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14688-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, G
30、eotechnical investigation and testing. ISO 14688 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil: Part 1: Identification and description Part 2: Principles for a classification Part 3: Electronic exchange of da
31、ta on identification and description of soil EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2: Princi
32、ples for a classification 1 Scope This part of ISO 14688, together with ISO 14688-1, establishes the basic principles for the identification and classification of soils on the basis of those material and mass characteristics most commonly used for soils for engineering purposes. The relevant charact
33、eristics may vary and therefore, for particular projects or materials, more detailed subdivisions of the descriptive and classification terms may be appropriate. Identification and description of soil are covered by ISO 14688-1. The classification principles established in this part of ISO 14688 per
34、mit soils to be grouped into classes of similar composition and geotechnical properties and, with respect to their suitability for geotechnical engineering purposes, such as foundations, ground improvements, roads, embankments, dams, and drainage systems. This part of ISO 14688 is applicable to natu
35、ral soil and similar man-made material in situ and redeposited, but it is not a classification of soil by itself. Identification and description of rock are covered by ISO 14689-1. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For d
36、ated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3310-1, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth ISO 3310-2, Test sieves Technical requirements
37、 and testing Part 2: Test sieves of perforated metal plate EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 2 ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classifica
38、tion of soil Part 1: Identification and description ISO 14689-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of rock Part 1: Identification and description 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO 14688-1 and the followi
39、ng apply. 3.1 soil classification assignment of soil into soil groups on the basis of certain characteristics, criteria and genesis 3.2 soil group a particular collection of soils of similar composition and geotechnical properties 3.3 uniformity coefficient CU measure of the shape of the grading cur
40、ve within the range from d10 to d60 CU = d60/d10 NOTE d10 and d60 are the particle sizes corresponding to the ordinates 10 % and 60 % by mass of the percentage passing. 3.4 coefficient of curvature CC measure of the shape of the grading curve within the range from d10, d30 to d60 CC = (d30)2/(d10 d6
41、0) 3.5 water content w mass of water which can be removed from the soil, usually by drying, expressed as a percentage of the dry mass 3.6 liquid limit wL water content at which a fine soil passes from the liquid to the plastic condition, as determined by the liquid limit test 3.7 plastic limit wP wa
42、ter content at which a fine soil becomes too dry to be in a plastic condition, as determined by the plastic limit test 3.8 plasticity index IP numerical difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a fine soil IP = wL wP EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, Lo
43、ndon South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 3 3.9 liquidity index IL numerical difference between the natural water content and the plastic limit expressed as a percentage ratio of the plasticity index IL = (w wP)/IP 3.10 consistency index IC numerical
44、difference between the liquid limit and the natural water content expressed as a percentage ratio of the plasticity index IC = (wL w)/IP 3.11 density index ID coarse soils (sands and gravels) index dependent upon the void ratio (e) and the void ratios corresponding to the minimum density (emax) and
45、the maximum density (emin), as measured in the laboratory ID = (emax e)/(emax emin) 3.12 undrained shear strength cu shear resistance of soil in the undrained condition 3.13 void ratio ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids of a soil 3.14 compressibility index Cc compressibility index
46、is defined according to the relation lg ()/(lg) c ee C = = + NOTE e is the change in void ratio (negative value when e decreases) and (lg) e is the change in void ratio e for a relative increase of effective stress from lg to lg( + ). 4 Principles of soil classifications 4.1 General Soils shall be c
47、lassified into soil groups on the basis of their nature which is the composition only, irrespective of their water content or compactness, taking into account the following characteristics: particle size distribution (grading); plasticity; organic content; genesis. NOTE Some principles for soil clas
48、sification are given in Annex A. EN ISO 14688-2:2004 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Fri Mar 02 00:59:06 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 4 4.2 Fractions Soil is a mixture of materials of different particle size, which are grouped into fractions a
49、s specified in ISO 14688-1. Classification of coarse and very coarse soils is to be based on the particle size distribution alone (see 4.3 and Table 1). Table 1 Classification of very coarse soil Fraction Percent by mass Term Boulders 20 low boulder content medium boulder content high boulder content Cobbles 20 low cobble content medium cobble content high cobble content NOTE The classification