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1、 ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) Technical Report Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radio equipment to be used in the 24 GHz band; System Reference Document for automotive collision warning Short Range Radar ETSI ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) 2 Reference RTR/ERM-RM-
2、013 Keywords radar, radio, short range ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individu
3、al copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document F
4、ormat (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the curren
5、t status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http:/portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: editoretsi.fr Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the fore
6、going restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2002. All rights reserved. DECTTM, PLUGTESTSTM and UMTSTM are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. TIPHONTM and the TIPHON logo are Trade Marks currently being registered
7、by ETSI for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. ETSI ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights4 Foreword.4 Introduction 4 1 Scope5 2 References5 3 Definitions, sym
8、bols and abbreviations .5 3.1 Definitions5 3.2 Symbols8 3.3 Abbreviations.8 4 Executive summary9 4.1 Status of the System Reference Document.10 4.2 Technical Issues .10 5 Main conclusions13 Annex A: Detailed market information14 A.1 Applications .14 A.2 Market size and value.14 A.3 Traffic evaluatio
9、n.15 Annex B: Technical information.16 B.1 Detailed technical description16 B.2 Technical justifications for spectrum.22 B.2.1 Power22 B.2.2 Frequency (See also spectrum requirements clause 4.2)22 B.2.2.1 Unit Size.23 B.2.2.2 Unit Cost factors and cost estimation overview23 B.2.2.2.1 Required Bandwi
10、dth/Range Separation24 B.2.2.2.2 Application Capability25 B.2.2.2.3 Mass Production Capability25 B.2.2.2.4 Frequency Allocation25 B.2.3 Bandwidth and other radio parameters.26 B.3 Information on current version of relevant ETSI standard.28 Annex C: Expected compatibility issues.29 C.1 Coexistence st
11、udies (if any) .29 C.2 Current ITU allocations29 C.3 Sharing issues.29 Annex D: Item check lists (remaining Items)30 Annex E: Bibliography.31 History32 ETSI ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) 4 Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been d
12、eclared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, wh
13、ich is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (http:/webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs n
14、ot referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). It includ
15、es necessary information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) for amending CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 1. Introduction The industry has responded
16、to European Commission programs and has developed new, efficient 24 GHz Short Range Radar (SRR) solutions for Road Safety and Intelligent Transport Systems. This is in support of such programs as IST, the EU Approach to Road Safety and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and RESPONSE, Project TR4022
17、 (see bibliography). This Systems Reference Document relates to a basic element of the IST program for the automotive sector and can be applied in a variety of applications. The objective and focus of “The EU Approach to Road Safety and Intelligent Transport systems (ITS)“ (see bibliography), “Intel
18、ligent Vehicle Systems“ are defined as “Improve Safety, Security, Comfort and Efficiency in all Transport modes“ and “Focusing on Advanced Pilot/Driver Assistance Systems (in support of vision, alertness, manoeuvring, automated driving compliance with the regulations, etc.)“. Further the new 24 GHz
19、Radar system is an essential “building block“ of the EU Project RESPONSE, Project TR4022 (see bibliography) Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: “System Safety and Driver Performance“. ETSI ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) 5 1 Scope The present document applies to Short Range Devices (SRD) in the fie
20、ld of SRR operating at very low power levels for exterior automotive applications for vehicle environmental sensing. These applications require antenna characteristics, which necessitate narrow beam and low elevation antenna angles with a limited mounting height. The present document describes the t
21、echnical characteristics of SRRs, the Radio frequency requirements as a wideband frequency range, for the carrier frequency operating in the 24 GHz SRD as specified in CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 1. The devices also use the SRD Band for a movement sensor function implementing a Doppler mode for a
22、target speed measurement function. The EN 301 091 3 presents a basis for the new cost efficient and versatile 24 GHz radar technology, which complements 77 GHz Automotive Cruise Control (ACC) functions. The following information is given in: Annex A: Detailed market information; Annex B: Technical i
23、nformation; Annex C: Expected compatibility issues. 2 References For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: 1 CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: “Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)“. 2 ETSI EN 300 440-1: “Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
24、Matters (ERM); Short range devices; Radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods“. 3 ETSI EN 301 091: “ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Technical char
25、acteristics and test methods for radar equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band“. 4 “Short Range Automotive Radar (SRR)“, ERO/ERC workshop 20 March 2001, RegTP Mainz. NOTE: http:/www.ero.dk/eroweb/srd/SRD-UWB.htm 5 EC SPEECH/02/181, Errki Likkanen, “Towards a comprehensive eSafety Action Pla
26、n for improving road safety in Europe“, High level meeting on Safety Brussels 25 April 2002. 6 FCC 02-48: “Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems“, First Report and Order, April 22nd, 2002. 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions F
27、or the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: accuracy: degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its definition or with respect to a standard reference (see uncertainty) ambiguity: properties of something that allows it to have more than one pos
28、sible meaning ETSI ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) 6 auto-correlation: measure of the similarity between a signal and a time-shifted replica of itself bandwidth: range of frequencies, expressed in Hertz (Hz), that can pass over a given transmission channel NOTE: The bandwidth determines the rate at
29、 which information can be transmitted. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): DSB suppressed carrier discrete phase modulation chip: time it takes to transmit a bit or single symbol of a PN code coherent homodyne detection: synchronous receive process with a local carrier of same frequency and phase corr
30、elator: SS receiver component that demodulates a Spread Spectrum signal; a device that measures the similarity between an incoming signal and a stored replica cross-correlation: measure of the similarity of two different signals de-spreading: process used by a correlator to recover narrowband inform
31、ation from a spread spectrum signal diffraction loss: loss between two antennas caused by the scattering of energy from obstruction in the path directive gain: in a given direction, 4pi times ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the total power radiated by the antenna Direct Sequenc
32、e Spread Spectrum (DSSS): It can be assumed that the information signal in DSSS transmission is spread at baseband, and the spread signal is then modulated in a second stage. drift (frequency): the linear (first-order) component of a systematic change in frequency of an oscillator over time. Drift i
33、s due to aging plus changes in the environment and other factors external to the oscillator data symbol. duty cycle: As defined in SRD REC 70-03, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the maximum transmitter “on“ time and referenced to a given observation time. Dwell time: continuous time duratio
34、n a carrier frequency stays within a given frequency channel Federal Communications Commission, Notice of Proposal Rule Making (FCC NPRM): The regulative authority of the United States (FCC) has started a rule making process regarding ultrawideband transmitters which will result into a standard amen
35、dment of 47FDR part 15. One important document during this process is the “notice of proposed rulemaking“, released in 5/2000. fractional bandwidth: in a design the ratio of necessary bandwidth divided by the carrier frequency e.g. 3 GHz / 24 GHz = 12,5 % free-space path loss: in an antenna, the los
36、s between two isotropic radiators in free space resulting from the decrease in power density with the square of the separation distance frequency allocation (of a frequency band): entry in the Table of Frequency Allocations of a given frequency band for the purpose of its use by one or more terrestr
37、ial or space radiocommunication services or the radio astronomy service under specified conditions NOTE: This term is also applied to the frequency band concerned. frequency assignment: authorization given by a nations government for a station or an operator in that country to use a specific radio f
38、requency channel under specified conditions Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): modulation where the data causes the frequency of the carrier to change from one frequency to another on discrete stages gain, dBd: antenna gain, expressed in decibels referenced to a half wave dipole gain, dBi: antenna gain,
39、expressed in decibels referenced to a theoretical isotropic radiator gain, dBic: antenna gain, expressed in decibels referenced to a theoretical isotropic radiator that is circularly polarized Half Power Beam Width (HPBW): in an antenna, the angular sector in degrees of the radiated power pattern at
40、 the half-power (3 dB) point ETSI ETSI TR 101 982 V1.2.1 (2002-07) 7 Industrial Scientific and Medical bands (ISM): frequency bands in which non-radio RF emissions can be allocated NOTE: Generally also allowed for secondary radio services i.e. SRDs. isotropic radiator: hypothetical, loss less antenn
41、a having equal radiation intensity in all directions; used as a zero-dB gain reference in pattern measurements or directivity calculations K, Ku, Ka Bands: frequency band between 18 GHz to 27 GHz, Ku 12 GHz to 18 GHz, Ka 27 GHz to 40 GHz microwave: signal in the generic frequency range from above 1
42、GHz to an upper end of perhaps 30 GHz or 40 GHz NOTE: This is the frequency range where coaxial cabled TEM mode signal propagation is viable. narrowband: classification for the spectral width of a transmission system NOTE: Generally considered if the fractional BW is below 1% of the carrier frequenc
43、y. non-coherent detection: envelope receive process without phase coherency to the reference carrier but any subcarrier occupied bandwidth: bandwidth of an emission defined for UWB or alike systems as 10 dB bandwidth of the power spectral density NOTE: 10 dB definition also according to FCC NPRM. pe
44、ak power density: peak power density in 50 MHz bandwidth. polarization: in an antenna, the direction in which the electric field vector is aligned during the passage of at least one full cycle Power Spectral Density (dBm/Hz) (PSD): Some limit specifications prefer a definition of PSD as a power in a
45、 certain measurement resolution bandwidth, e.g. -30 dBm in 1 MHz, which is equivalent -90 dBm/Hz. processing gain: ratio of the bandwidth of a spread spectrum signal to the bandwidth of the baseband signal Pseudo Noise (PN): digital signal with noise-like properties NOTE: Also a wideband modulation
46、which imparts noise-like characteristics to an RF signal. PN Code: digital bit stream with noise-like characteristics Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS): pattern of digital data which has a random information content NOTE: The ITU specifies a variety of sequences with different lengths identified
47、by a PN number. Pulse Desensitization Correction Factor (PDCF): pulse desensitization correction factor is a technique used to determine the true pulse amplitude based on measurements taken from a spectrum analyser, which has less resolution bandwidth then the signal to be measured NOTE: The analyse
48、rs impulse response is unable to transfer the input pulse shape into a similar narrow output shape but distort the shape magnitude (decrease) as well as the pulse duration (increase). A pulse desensitization correction factor was designed specifically for measuring the peak output level of pulsed ra
49、dar transmissions. The PDCF is defined as 20log(B_signal/RBW_analyser) with respect to the peak fieldstrength (see HP application note 150-1 PDCF w.r.t. amplitude spectrum). Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the pulse repetition interval (PRI), averaged over a time sufficiently long as to cover all PRI variations radiation pattern: graphical representation in either polar or rectangular coordinates of the spatial energy distributions of an antenna reflection: in an antenna, redirection of an impinging RF wave from a conducting surf